Öljaitü

Öljeitü, Oljeitu, Olcayto, atau Uljeitu, Öljaitu, Ölziit (bahasa Mongol: ᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢᠲᠦ ᠺᠬᠠᠨ, Өлзийт хаан), juga dikenal sebagai Muhammad Khodabandeh (bahasa Persia: محمد خدابنده - اولجایتو, khodābandeh dari bahasa Persia yang berarti "hamba Tuhan" atau "pelayan Tuhan"; 1280 – 16 Desember 1316), adalah penguasa Dinasti Ilkhanid kedelapan dari tahun 1304 sampai 1316 di Tabriz, Iran. Namanya "Ölziit" dalam bahasa Mongolia berarti "terberkati".

Dia adalah putra penguasa Ilkhan Arghun, saudara lelaki dan penerus Mahmud Ghazan (penerus ke-5 Jenghis Khan), dan buyut dari pendiri Ilkhanat Hulagu.

Kehidupan

Oljeitu adalah putra dari istri ketiga Arghun, Uruk Khatun yang Kristen.^[1] Oljeitu dibaptis sebagai seorang Kristen dan memperoleh nama Nikolya (Nicholas) sesuai nama Paus Nikolas IV.^[2] Selama masa mudanya dia masuk agama Buddha dan kemudian ke Islam Sunni bersama saudara lelakinya Ghazan. Dia kemudian masuk Islam Syiah setelah melakukan kontak dengan para ulama Syiah,^[3] meskipun sumber lain menunjukkan dia masuk Islam karena bujukan istrinya.^[4] Dia mengubah nama depannya menjadi nama Islami Muhammad. Beberapa kerabat dan sahabatnya memberinya julukan Khutabanda. Rashid al-Din menulis bahwa dia menggunakan nama Oljeitu mengikuti kaisar Yuan Oljeitu Temür yang bertakhta di Dadu. Tetapi beberapa sumber Muslim menyebutkan bahwa hujan turun ketika dia lahir, dan orang-orang Mongol yang bergembira memanggilnya dengan nama Mongolia Öljeitu (Өлзийт), yang berarti penuh harapan.

Setelah menggantikan saudara lelakinya, Öljeitu mulai dipengaruhi oleh teolog Syiah Al-Hilli dan Maitham Al Bahrani.^[5] Pada tahun 1306, Oljeitu mendirikan kota Soltaniyeh,^[6] dan setelah kematian Al-Hilli, Oljeitu memindahkan jasad gurunya dari Baghdad ke sebuah kuil berkubah yang dia bangun di Soltaniyeh. Kemudian, terasing karena perselisihan antara golongan Hanafi dan Syafi'i, Oljeitu mengubah mazhabnya menjadi Islam Syiah pada tahun 1310, menyakininya sebagai versi Islam yang hakiki. Namun, juga dilaporkan bahwa dia kembali ke Islam Sunni sebelum kematiannya.^[7] Konon Mirkhond menyatakan bahwa dia memulai kebiasaan mengambil anak-anak dari keluarga Kristen dan Yahudi untuk dibesarkan sebagai Muslim, serupa dengan sistem Devşirme Utsmaniyah kemudian.^[6]

Pada tahun 1309, Öljeitu mendirikan Dar al-Sayyedah ("pondok Sayyid") di Shiraz, Iran, dan memberinya wakaf sebesar 10.000 dinar per tahun.

Dia wafat di Soltaniyeh, dekat Zanjan, pada tahun 1316, setelah memerintah selama dua belas tahun dan sembilan bulan.^[6] Setelah itu, Rashid-al-Din Hamadani dituduh menyebabkan kematiannya melalui peracunan dan dieksekusi. Oljeitu digantikan oleh putranya Abu Sa'id. Makamnya yang megah di Soltaniyeh, 300 km di barat Teheran, tetap menjadi monumen Ilkhanid Persia yang paling terkenal.

Genealogi

Lihat pula

Catatan

^ Ryan, James D. (November 1998). "Christian wives of Mongol khans: Tartar queens and missionary expectations in Asia". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 8 (9): 411–421. doi:10.1017/s1356186300010506.
^ "Arghun had one of his sons baptized, Khordabandah, the future Öljeitu, and in the Pope's honor, went as far as giving him the name Nicholas", Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, Jean-Paul Roux, p.408
^ Alizadeh, Saeed; Alireza Pahlavani; Ali Sadrnia. Iran: A Chronological History. hlm. 137.
^ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg. 197
^ Al Oraibi, Ali (2001). "Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective". Dalam Lynda Clarke. Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions. Global Academic Publishing. hlm. 336.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stevens, John. The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kermon, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all Cities occasionally mentioned, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bokara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who lived several Years in Persia and India; and now rendered into English.
^ Curatola, Giovanni; Gianroberto Scarcia (2007). Iran: The Art and Architecture of Persia. Perseus Distribution Services. hlm. 166. ISBN 9780789209207.

Referensi

Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9.
(ISBN 0-295-98391-4) page 87
Foltz, Richard, Religions of the Silk Road, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, ISBN 978-0-230-62125-1
Jackson, Peter, The Mongols and the West, Pearson Education, ISBN 0-582-36896-0
Roux, Jean-Paul, Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, Fayard, ISBN 2-213-03164-9

Gelar kebangsawanan
Didahului oleh: Mahmud Ghazan	Ilkhanat 1304–1316	Diteruskan oleh: Abu Sa'id

[wives-1] Ryan, James D. (November 1998). "Christian wives of Mongol khans: Tartar queens and missionary expectations in Asia". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 8 (9): 411–421. doi:10.1017/s1356186300010506.

[2] "Arghun had one of his sons baptized, Khordabandah, the future Öljeitu, and in the Pope's honor, went as far as giving him the name Nicholas", Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, Jean-Paul Roux, p.408

[3] Alizadeh, Saeed; Alireza Pahlavani; Ali Sadrnia. Iran: A Chronological History. hlm. 137.

[4] The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg. 197

[5] Al Oraibi, Ali (2001). "Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective". Dalam Lynda Clarke. Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions. Global Academic Publishing. hlm. 336.

[Stevens-6] Stevens, John. The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kermon, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all Cities occasionally mentioned, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bokara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who lived several Years in Persia and India; and now rendered into English.

[7] Curatola, Giovanni; Gianroberto Scarcia (2007). Iran: The Art and Architecture of Persia. Perseus Distribution Services. hlm. 166. ISBN 9780789209207.

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