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Bebek hawaii

Bebek Hawaii
Anas wyvilliana Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Status konservasi
Genting
IUCN22680199 Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Taksonomi
KelasAves
OrdoAnseriformes
SuperfamiliAnatoidea
FamiliAnatidae
GenusAnas
SpesiesAnas wyvilliana Edit nilai pada Wikidata
P.L. Sclater, 1878
Distribusi
EndemikHawaii Edit nilai pada Wikidata

Bebek Hawaii (Anas wyvilliana) atau koloa adalah spesies unggas dalam famili Anatidae (itik dan bebek). Bebek ini merupakan hewan endemik di pulau-pulau besar Hawaii. Secara taksonomis, koloa berkerabat dekat dengan itik melewar (A. platyrhynchos).[2] Namun bebek ini memiliki beberapa pembeda, bulu bebek Hawaii monokromatik (jantan dan betina berpola warna sama) serta tidak bermigrasi.[3] Seperti banyak spesies bebek dalam genus Anas, bebek Hawaii dapat kawin silang dengan itik melewar serta menghasilkan keturunan, koloa sebelumnya dianggap sebagai subspesies dari itik melewar.[3] Namun, para ahli sekarang menganggap hewan ini sebagai spesies berbeda yang berkerabat dengan itik melewar.[2][3][4][5] Analisis terbaru menunjukkan bahwa bebek ini adalah spesies berbeda yang muncul melalui persilangan purba antara itik melwar dengan bebek laysan (Anas laysanensis).[6] Nama lokal Hawaii untuk bebek ini adalah koloa maoli (bermakna "bebek asli"), atau koloa. Spesies ini terdaftar sebagai terancam punah dalam Daftar Merah IUCN, dan populasinya terus menurun.[7]

Referensi

  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. xx + 233 pp. http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/CH_Rules/Hawaiian%20Waterbirds%20RP%202nd%20Revision.pdf Diarsipkan 2015-09-24 di Wayback Machine.
  • J. Michael, Reed, et al. "Long-Term Persistence of Hawaii’s Endangered Avifauna through Conservation-Reliant Management." BioScience 2012: 881. JSTOR Journals. Web
  • Uyehara, Kimberly J., Engilis, Andrew, Jr., and Reynolds, Michelle, 2007, Hawaiian Duck's future threatened by feral mallards: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3047 http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3047/
  • “Endangered Species in the Pacific Islands.” Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 20 Sep. 2012. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/fauna/HIduck.html[pranala nonaktif permanen]
  • BirdLife International (2014) Species factsheet: Anas wyvilliana. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 22/10/2014. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=436 Diarsipkan 2015-05-27 di Wayback Machine.
  • http://eol.org/pages/1048962/details#reproduction
  • Uyehara, Kimberly J., Andrew Engilis Jr., and Bruce D. Dugger. "Wetland Features That Influence Occupancy By The Endangered Hawaiian Duck." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120.2 (2008): 311–319. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
  • Endangered Hawaiian Duck | The Molokai Dispatch. (2008, January 13). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from themolokaidispatch
  • Hawaiian Duck. (2011, November 9). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from http://www.planetofbirds.com/anseriformes-anatidae-hawaiian-duck-anas-wyvilliana
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2005) Draft revised recovery plan for Hawaiian waterbirds, 2nd draft of the 2nd revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. p 155
  • Fowler, AC; Eadie, JM; Engilis, A (2009). "Identification of endangered Hawaiian ducks (Anas wyvilliana), introduced North American Mallards (A. platyrhynchos) and their hybrids using multilocus genotypes". Conserv Genet. 10 (6): 1747–1758. doi:10.1007/s10592-008-9778-8. 
  • Todd, F. S. 1996. Natural history of the waterfowl. Ibis Publishing Company, Vista, CA, U.S.A.
  • BROWNE, R. A., C. R. GRIM IN. P R. CHANC;. M. HUBLEY, AND A. E. MARTIN. 1993. Genetic divergence among populations of the Hawaiian Duck. Laysan Duck, and Mallard. Auk 110:49-^6.
  • ENGILIS JR.. A. AND T. K. PRATT. 1993. Status and population trends of Hawaii's native waterbirds. 1977–1987. Wilson Bulleiin 105:142-158
  • ENGILIS JR.. A.. K. J. UYI:HARA, AND J. G. GIFUN. 2002. Hawaiian Duck [Anas wyvitlianu). The birds of North America. Nuiiiber 694.
  • RHYMER, J. M. 2001. Evolutionary relationships and conservation of the Hawaiian anatids. Studies in Avian Biology 22:61—67
  • Griffin, C. R.; Shallenberger, F. J. & Fefer, S. I. (1989): Hawaii's endangered waterbirds: a resource management challenge. In: Sharitz, R. R. & Gibbons, I. W. (eds.): Proceedings of Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife Symposium: 155–169. Savannah River Ecology Lab, Aiken, South Carolina.
  • Hawaii Audubon Society (2005): Hawaii's Birds (6th edition). ISBN 1-889708-00-3
  • Rhymer, Judith M. & Simberloff, Daniel (1996): Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 83-109. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 (HTML abstract)
  • [8]
  • [9]
  • [3] "Recovery Plan For Hawaiian Waterbirds Second Revision" (Anas Laysanensis)." (2009): ArchiveGrid. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
  • [10]
  • [6] Plan, Hawaiian Bird Conservation Action. Focal Species: Hawaiian Duck or Koloa Maoli (Anas Wyvilliana) (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
  • [7] Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds. Portland, Or.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005. Web.

Catatan

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2013). "Anas wyvilliana". Diakses tanggal 26 November 2013. 
  2. ^ a b BROWNE, R. A., C. R. GRIM IN. P R. CHANC;. M. HUBLEY, AND A. E. MARTIN. 1993. Genetic divergence among populations of the Hawaiian Duck. Laysan Duck, and Mallard. Auk 110:49-^6.
  3. ^ a b c Pyle, RL; Pyle, P (2009). The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 1 (31 December 2009). 
  4. ^ IOC. "IOC World Bird List v.5.2". Diakses tanggal 2015-05-27. 
  5. ^ BirdLife International. "Hawaiian Duck Anas wyvilliana". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-27. Diakses tanggal 2015-05-27. 
  6. ^ Lavretski; et al. (2015). "Genetic admixture supports an ancient hybrid origin of the endangered Hawaiian duck". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 28 (5): 1005–1015. doi:10.1111/jeb.12637 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 25847706. 
  7. ^ BirdLife International 2013. Anas wyvilliana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. Retrieved on 22 October 2014.
  8. ^ "REFERENCE" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2011-06-15. Diakses tanggal 2010-12-01. 
  9. ^ "REFERENCE". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-18. Diakses tanggal 2021-09-29. 
  10. ^ The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120(2):311-319, 2008

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