Neuropeptida S
Neuropeptida S (disingkat NPS) adalah neuropeptida yang ditemukan di otak manusia dan mamalia, terutama diproduksi oleh neuron di amigdala dan antara nukleus Barrington dan lokus koeruleus, meskipun neuron yang responsif terhadap NPS memperluas proyeksi ke banyak area otak lainnya.[1][2][3] NPS berikatan secara spesifik dengan reseptor yang terkait dengan protein G (NPSR).[4][5] Studi pada hewan menunjukkan bahwa NPS menekan kecemasan dan nafsu makan, menginduksi kewaspadaan[6] dan hiperaktivitas, serta memainkan peran penting dalam penghapusan rasa takut yang terkondisi.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Telah juga ditunjukkan bahwa zat ini secara signifikan meningkatkan aktivitas dopamin di jalur mesolimbik,[13] dan menghambat motilitas serta meningkatkan permeabilitas secara neurokrin dengan bekerja melalui NO di pleksus myenterik pada tikus dan manusia.[14]
Ligamen sintetis
Antagonis reseptor NPS non-peptida SHA-68 memblokir efek NPS pada hewan dan bersifat anksiogenik.[15] Beberapa agonis dan antagonis NPS turunan peptida juga telah dikembangkan.[16][17][18][19][20]
Urutan peptida
Berikut adalah urutan neuropeptida S matang pada beberapa organisme representatif di mana ia diekspresikan:
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| Organisme | Urutan | MW |
|---|---|---|
| manusia | SFRNGVGTGMKKTSFQRAKS
|
2187,5 |
| tikus | SFRNGVGSGVKKTSFRRAKQ
|
2210,5 |
| mencit | SFRNGVGSGAKKTSFRRAKQ
|
2182,5 |
| anjing, simpanse | SFRNGVGTGMKKTSFRRAKS
|
2215,6 |
| ayam | SFRNGVGSGIKKTSFRRAKS
|
2183,5 |
| konsensus | SFRNGVGxGXKKTSFxRAKx
|
N/A |
Menurut logo HMM Pfam, terdapat situs pemecahan "KR" yang terkonservasi tepat di ujung N-terminal dari peptida matang C-terminal.
Referensi
- ^ Xu YL, Gall CM, Jackson VR, Civelli O, Reinscheid RK (Jan 2007). "Distribution of neuropeptide S receptor mRNA and neurochemical characteristics of neuropeptide S-expressing neurons in the rat brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 500 (1): 84–102. doi:10.1002/cne.21159. PMID 17099900. S2CID 23864785.
- ^ Jüngling K, Seidenbecher T, Sosulina L, Lesting J, Sangha S, Clark SD, et al. (Jul 2008). "Neuropeptide S-mediated control of fear expression and extinction: role of intercalated GABAergic neurons in the amygdala". Neuron. 59 (2): 298–310. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.002. PMC 2610688. PMID 18667157.
- ^ Meis S, Bergado-Acosta JR, Yanagawa Y, Obata K, Stork O, Munsch T (2008). Grothe B (ed.). "Identification of a neuropeptide S responsive circuitry shaping amygdala activity via the endopiriform nucleus". PLOS ONE. 3 (7) e2695. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2695M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002695. PMC 2442874. PMID 18628994.
- ^ Reinscheid RK, Xu YL (Dec 2005). "Neuropeptide S and its receptor: a newly deorphanized G protein-coupled receptor system". The Neuroscientist. 11 (6): 532–8. doi:10.1177/1073858405276405. PMID 16282594. S2CID 30579961.
- ^ Reinscheid RK (2008). "Neuropeptide S: Anatomy, Pharmacology, Genetics and Physiological Functions". Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Novel Neuropeptides. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Vol. 46. hlm. 145–58. doi:10.1007/400_2007_051. ISBN 978-3-540-78350-3. PMID 18204825.
- ^ Chauveau F, Claverie D, Lardant E, Varin C, Hardy E, Walter A, et al. (January 2020). "Neuropeptide S promotes wakefulness through the inhibition of sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons" (PDF). Sleep. 43 (1). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz189. PMID 31403694.
- ^ Xu YL, Reinscheid RK, Huitron-Resendiz S, Clark SD, Wang Z, Lin SH, et al. (Aug 2004). "Neuropeptide S: a neuropeptide promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects". Neuron. 43 (4): 487–97. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.005. PMID 15312648. S2CID 15601843.
- ^ Reinscheid RK, Xu YL (Nov 2005). "Neuropeptide S as a novel arousal promoting peptide transmitter". The FEBS Journal. 272 (22): 5689–93. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04982.x. PMID 16279934. S2CID 42586325.
- ^ Okamura N, Reinscheid RK (Aug 2007). "Neuropeptide S: a novel modulator of stress and arousal". Stress. 10 (3): 221–6. doi:10.1080/10253890701248673. PMID 17613937. S2CID 39068808.
- ^ Leonard SK, Dwyer JM, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Platt B, Logue SF, Neal SJ, et al. (May 2008). "Pharmacology of neuropeptide S in mice: therapeutic relevance to anxiety disorders". Psychopharmacology. 197 (4): 601–11. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1080-4. PMID 18311561. S2CID 21120092.
- ^ Rizzi A, Vergura R, Marzola G, Ruzza C, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, et al. (May 2008). "Neuropeptide S is a stimulatory anxiolytic agent: a behavioural study in mice". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (2): 471–9. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.96. PMC 2442439. PMID 18376418.
- ^ Vitale G, Filaferro M, Ruggieri V, Pennella S, Frigeri C, Rizzi A, et al. (Dec 2008). "Anxiolytic-like effect of neuropeptide S in the rat defensive burying". Peptides. 29 (12): 2286–91. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2008.08.014. hdl:11380/610466. PMID 18793688. S2CID 207356961.
- ^ a b Mochizuki T, Kim J, Sasaki K (May 2010). "Microinjection of neuropeptide S into the rat ventral tegmental area induces hyperactivity and increases extracellular levels of dopamine metabolites in the nucleus accumbens shell". Peptides. 31 (5): 926–31. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.006. PMID 20156501. S2CID 19981059.
- ^ Wan Saudi WS, Halim MA, Rudholm-Feldreich T, Gillberg L, Rosenqvist E, Tengholm A, et al. (Oct 2015). "Neuropeptide S inhibits gastrointestinal motility and increases mucosal permeability through nitric oxide". Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 309 (9): G625-34. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00104.2015. PMID 26206857. S2CID 5560949.
- ^ Okamura N, Habay SA, Zeng J, Chamberlin AR, Reinscheid RK (Jun 2008). "Synthesis and pharmacological in vitro and in vivo profile of 3-oxo-1,1-diphenyl-tetrahydro-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrazine-7-carboxylic acid 4-fluoro-benzylamide (SHA 68), a selective antagonist of the neuropeptide S receptor". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 325 (3): 893–901. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.135103. PMC 2583099. PMID 18337476.
- ^ Roth AL, Marzola E, Rizzi A, Arduin M, Trapella C, Corti C, et al. (Jul 2006). "Structure-activity studies on neuropeptide S: identification of the amino acid residues crucial for receptor activation" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (30): 20809–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M601846200. PMID 16720571. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal February 20, 2024.
- ^ Camarda V, Trapella C, Calo G, Guerrini R, Rizzi A, Ruzza C, et al. (Feb 2008). "Synthesis and biological activity of human neuropeptide S analogues modified in position 2". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (3): 655–8. doi:10.1021/jm701204n. PMID 18181564.
- ^ Camarda V, Trapella C, Calo' G, Guerrini R, Rizzi A, Ruzza C, et al. (Oct 2008). "Structure-activity study at positions 3 and 4 of human neuropeptide S". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (19): 8841–5. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.073. PMID 18793857.
- ^ Guerrini R, Camarda V, Trapella C, Calò G, Rizzi A, Ruzza C, et al. (Jan 2009). "Synthesis and biological activity of human neuropeptide S analogues modified in position 5: identification of potent and pure neuropeptide S receptor antagonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 52 (2): 524–9. doi:10.1021/jm8012294. PMC 2653091. PMID 19113861.
- ^ Camarda V, Rizzi A, Ruzza C, Zucchini S, Marzola G, Marzola E, et al. (Feb 2009). "In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of the neuropeptide s receptor antagonist [D-Cys(tBu)5]neuropeptide S". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 328 (2): 549–55. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.143867. PMC 2630366. PMID 18971372.
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