Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan (臺灣南島語族)
Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan, masowal o Formosa a sowal (Inkiris: Formosan languages), o adihayay kasasiiked a pipolong a sowal i notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan i Taywan, polong no tamdaw salongan ira ko 20 ’ofad[2], milesap i sa’etal no yincuminco i Taywan, o kalosowal o sowal no kitakit i Taywan, o sowal no Tao ko polongan a sowal no Taywan yincuminco, manga’ay siikeden ko ka’amisay notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan i Taywan, Cou, Ngudradrekai, Payuan, Pinuyumayan, Bunun ato pasawaliay no Taywan a notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan a sowal, o kasasiroma no pisa’osi, salongan ira ko 20 tanfasa 30 ko sowal[3]. O notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan saheto o awaayay ko tilid i ’ayaw, anini ira to ko nano tilid no Roma ko patodongan a tilid, o saka sasowal tono ina a sowal salongan ira ko 18 ’ofad a tamdaw[padetek 1]
Roma sato, o maro’ay itini i Lanyu a Tao finacadan, talacowa milecad to i Taywanay yincumin a finacadan, citodong to sowal no itiniay Taywan finacadan a sowal no Tao a sowal, nika o nisowalan no Tao masiiked itiniay i Polynesia finacadan a badan finacadan, caayay ko no notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan i Taywan, kona caay patodongen itini a kamok. Sacisowal sa ko no Dipong o Takasago finacadan sowal saan.
Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan polong no nano sowal i nitimolan ira ko nika tadamaan, itiyaay notimolan kanatal a sowal malesap i kasa’etal a pinanowan, pinalengaw, manengneng i kasasireoma no sekal ato kafafalic no romi’ad, onini pahapinang to notimolan kanatal sowal i Taywan o matelangan cira. Pakayni i sowal a pikingkiw mapasadak ko parana’an, ngalef adihayay a sowal mikingkiway paso’elin o “laloma’an no to’as” no timolan finacadan ko Taywan. Taywan yincuminco wuyinhuy a pipa’ayaw to Taywan yincuminco ato notimolan kanatal sowal finacadan a kakiharan pahapinang “Taywan yincuminco o nano notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan… o notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan o sadadahalay itini i hekal a finacadan; masiiked i kasa’etal i ka’etip o kawali katimol no Africa a Madagascar kanatal, milakec to Intoyang tangasa i Easter (piliyawan ma’orip) kanatal; ka’amis o Taywan, talatimol o New Zealand, o Taywan o saka’amisay a notimolan sowal finacadan a masiiked”. [4]
Lalengawan (起源)
O yincumin no Taywan ato Filipin, Intonisiya kasakanatal a yincumin saheto o nano notimolan sowal a finacadan a kakiharan. Onini nai ’ayawan to’ek likisi no Taywan mafolaway a sowal o nika lalen a malecad no kasa’etal. No ka;ayaway a nisowalan, halo sowal no Micronesia, pasatomol, tenokan no katimol kanatal, kaetipay Siciniya (West New Guinea) a kitakit[6].
Taywan satakaraway kingkiwyin (1996) paratoh: “Notimolan kanatal sowal (Austronesian) roma sowal o Malay-Polynesian sowal (Malay-Polynesian), polong no hekal itiniay i kanatal a masafelaway a sowal finacadan”. Satakaraway kingkiwyin Tangafolan ponka tilid calay pasowal to, “Ma’oripay i Taywan a yincuminco, oya Tangafolan ato Kozanzoku, o saka sasowal nangra, manga’ayay saka sasowal makakihar, matiya o itiraay i Taypinyang, Intoyang a kasakanatalay adihayay a sowal a sangasaw, matiya o nisowalan no mikingkiway a sowal ‘notimolan kanatay a sowal’ (Austronesian) ato (Austronesian)” [7].
Kasasiiked a sangasaw (分類系譜)
O niyaro’ no notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal ko Taywan (臺灣被視為南島語系的原鄉)
So’elin to, sa’aloman sato ko katadamaan no hakasi patalahekal notimolan kanatal a sowal I Taaywan. Mikingkiwan no hakasi a sowal no notimolan kanatal o tato’asan kamaro’an ko Taywan, ngalef o lalengawan no to’asay notimolan kanatal a finacadan ko Taywan saan (nengneng Blust 1985;Bellwood 1991).
Taer (Dahl 1976) paratatenga notimolan kanatay sowal i Taywan mana’ang ko adihayay tadamaanay notimolan kanatal a sowal, o cecay no polong notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal. Tonini a parana’an, Payles (Blus 1982) pa’ayaw palasepat to ca’ang to notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal: Tayal finacadan, Cou finacadan, Payuan finacadan, ato Malay – Polynesian finacadan. Ikoray to pikingkiw no Payles (Blus 1999) midotoc to ngiha, o nano Payuan finacadan a cecay ca’ang pasiikedan to, oya notimolan kanatal finacadan pala mo’etep piiked: Tayal finacadan, kaetip ka’amis finacadan, kaetip dafdaf finacadan, Cou finacadan, Ngudradrekai finacadan, Payuan finacadan, Pinuyumayan finacadan, Bunun finacadan, kawaliay no Taywan notimolan kanatal finawlan, ato Malay – Polynesian finacadan[8].
Mo’etepay notimolan kanatal finacadan a siwaay saheto itiniay i Taywan, roma itiraay i kasa kanatal no Taypinyang to awiday no 1000 a notimolan kanatal finacadan malecaday sowal a finacadan, mahapinang itiniay i notimolan kanatal a finawlan a likisi i, o Taywan iraay i notimolan kanatal a finacadan a maro’ay, sa’ayaway kahiceraan a sa’etal.
Sowal matisil (語言列表)
I 2009 miheca, midotoc to paini no Linhoko kiwiko ponka sakapot, o Basai sowal, Ketagalan sowal, Maowushu sowal a 7 finacadan o awaayay to; roma, Kavalan sowal, Thao sowal a 7 finacadan o mamalasawad to, o Saiyan finacadan sowal o tadancaay to, o Atayal sowal, Pinuyumayan sowal, Bunun sowal a 9 finacadan a sowal malotayay to[9][10].
Ono kitakit nisetekan sowal no yincuminco (官方認定之原住民族語言)
Ngangan no finacadan
|
Kowaping
|
Finacadan iso pinang
|
Sowal
|
Saysiyat
|
賽夏
|
xsy
|
Tai sowal, Tonghe sowal
|
Thau
|
邵
|
ssf
|
Ka’amis hefong, Tapinlin
|
Kbalan
|
噶瑪蘭
|
ckv
|
|
Amis/Pangcah
|
阿美
|
ami
|
Cikasoan, Tarawadaw, Pasawali, Falangaw, Palidaw
|
Sakizaya
|
撒奇萊雅
|
szy
|
|
Puyuma
|
卑南
|
pyu
|
Puyuma, Katratripul, Pinaski, Kasavakan
|
Bunun
|
布農
|
bnn
|
Takitudu, Takibakha, Takivatan, Takbanuaz, Isbukun
|
Paiwan
|
排灣
|
pwn
|
Ravar(Vuculj), Paumaumaq(Pavuavua), Tjuakuvukuvulj(Sapediq, Paljiljaljiljav), Seqalu (Paqaluqalu)
|
Cou
|
鄒
|
tsu
|
Tfuya, Tapangu, Luhtu, Imucu, Kanakanavu
|
Kanakanavu
|
卡那卡那富
|
xnb
|
|
Hlaʼalua
|
拉阿魯哇
|
sxr
|
|
Drekai
|
魯凱
|
dru
|
Terdreka, Kongadavange, Oponoho, Vedai, Labwane, Tarumake
|
Tayal
|
泰雅
|
tay
|
Sekoleq, Malepa, Tseole, Malikoan、Mapanox, Mabaala
|
Truku
|
太魯閣
|
trv
|
Truku, Toda, Tgdaya
|
Seediq
|
賽德克
|
Caayayho kapangangan a sowal no yincuminco (未正名之原住民族語言)
Ngangan no finacadan
|
Kowaping
|
Finacadan iso pinang
|
Sowal
|
Basay
|
巴賽
|
byq
|
Trobiawan, Linaw
|
Ketagalan
|
凱達格蘭
|
kae
|
Luilang
|
Papora
|
巴布拉
|
ppu
|
|
Hoanya
|
洪雅
|
Arikun, Lloa
|
Taokas
|
道卡斯
|
bzg
|
|
Babuza
|
巴布薩
|
Babuza, Favorlang
|
Kulon
|
龜崙
|
uon
|
|
Pazeh
|
巴宰
|
pzh
|
|
Kaxabu
|
噶哈巫
|
Taivoan
|
大武壠
|
tvx
|
|
Siraya
|
西拉雅
|
fox
|
|
Makatao
|
馬卡道
|
Salongan (特徵)
Notimolan kanatal a sowal no Taywan mana’ang i to’asan no notimolan kanatal finacadan a ponka ko tadamaan. Salalan no sakingiha i, saadihayay sowal limaay ko wina no ngiha, sadama ngiha masapinangay, caay ka sasifod; ira ko karatengay kahemaway, nika awaay ko no kowaping a ngiha. Masongila’ ko silsil no sowal, o cecay no sasowal ato adihayay a sowal masakapot, adihay ko kasangiha[16].
Itini i sasowalan, notimolay kanatal a sowal satadamaanay a salongan misarocoday, o nianan koya materekay a nga’ayay no notimolan kanatal a sowal, o nian koya notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan. Oya salongan misarocoday, o pi’eses to kasasowal ato kasalikel a mahapinang ko sapasowal no patodongan[17].
Sasowalan (詞彙)
O kalosowal ato notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal itini i laeno, ato mingataay to notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal a Badan finacadan a Tao sowal ato Ibadan sowal a sasowalan kasasitiri’, oyanan a notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal mateli sa’ayaway, o nian ko kasasotiri’an[18].
Sasowalan
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
tamdaw
|
mata
|
waco
|
Romi’ad
|
Fa’elohay
|
kita
|
maan
|
lamal
|
notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal
|
*əsa
*isa
|
*duSa
|
*təlu
|
*Səpat
|
*lima
|
*Cau
|
*maCa
|
*(w)asu
|
*qaləjaw
|
*baqəRu
|
*i-kita
|
*n-anu
|
*Sapuy
|
’Amis
|
Pasawali ’Amis
|
cecay
|
tosa
|
tolo
|
sepat
|
lima
|
tamdaw/
pangcah
|
mata
|
waco
|
romi'ad
|
falohay
|
kita
|
o maan
|
namal
|
Tayal
|
Sekoleq
|
qutux
|
sazing
|
cyugal
|
payat
|
magal
|
'tayal
|
roziq
|
huzil
|
ryax
|
giqas
|
ita'
|
nanu'
|
puniq
|
Paiwan
|
Ravar(Vuculj)
|
ita
|
drusa
|
tjelu
|
sepatj
|
lima
|
cawcau/
kacalisian
|
maca
|
vatu
|
'adav
|
va'uan
|
ti tjen/
ti mitja
|
anema/
kemuda
|
sapuy
|
Bunun
|
Takitudu
|
tasa
|
dusa
|
tau
|
pat
|
ima
|
bunun
|
mata
|
asu
|
hanian
|
bahlu
|
kata/
mita
|
maz/
mikuabin tu
|
sapuz
|
Puyuma
|
Puyuma
|
sa
|
druwa
|
telu
|
pat
|
lima
|
trau
|
matra
|
suwan
|
wari
|
bekal/
bekalan
|
ta/
tayta
|
amanay
|
apuy
|
Kasavakan
|
isa
|
zuwa
|
telu
|
pat
|
lima
|
trau
|
matra
|
suwan
|
wari
|
vekalan
|
ta/
inta
|
eman
|
apuy
|
Katratripul,
|
isa
|
zuwa
|
tulu
|
pat
|
lima
|
trau
|
matra
|
suwan
|
wari
|
vekal
|
ta/
inta
|
eman
|
apuy
|
Pinaski
|
isa
|
zuwa
|
telu
|
pat
|
lima
|
cau
|
maca
|
suwan
|
wari
|
vekal
|
ta/
inta
|
eman
|
apuy
|
Drekai
|
Terdreka
|
eea
|
drosa
|
tolo
|
so'ate
|
lima
|
lraomase
|
maca
|
taw'ong
|
vaiyana
|
bawa
|
kota konai
|
manema tomatoma
|
a'oy
|
Labwane
|
ea
|
drusa
|
tulru
|
supate
|
lrima
|
umase
|
maca
|
taupungu
|
vai
|
bauwa
|
kuta
|
manema/
aituma
|
apui
|
Kongadavange
|
itha
|
drusa
|
tulru
|
supate
|
lrima
|
umawmase
|
maca
|
taupungu
|
vai
|
bavane
|
kuta
|
manemane
|
apwi
|
Oponoho
|
drɨga
|
drusa
|
tulru
|
pate
|
rima
|
cquliq
|
maca
|
atho
|
viene
|
bovva
|
mitia
|
nanu/
hmcwa
|
apuru
|
Vedai
|
nega
|
drosa
|
too
|
pate
|
yima
|
coaw
|
maca
|
atho
|
va'iyane
|
baowane
|
kita
|
manini
|
apoi
|
Tarumake
|
neka
|
nosa
|
tulru
|
pate
|
lrima
|
ocao
|
lringao
|
ta'olro
|
menanae
|
vao'ae
|
imite
|
lalu/
mhcwa
|
apoi
|
Cou
|
coni
|
yuso
|
tuyu
|
sʉptʉ
|
eimo
|
cou
|
mcoo
|
av'u
|
hie
|
faeva
|
a'to
|
cuma.
|
puzu
|
Saysiyat
|
'aehae'
|
roSa'
|
to:o'
|
Sopat
|
haseb/
:aseb
|
mae'iyaeh
|
masa'
|
'aehoe'
|
hahila:
|
SaSo'
|
'ita'
|
kano'
|
hapoy
|
Gahau
|
adang/ida
|
dusa
|
turu/tu'u
|
sepat
|
xasep
|
saw
|
dauik/daurik
|
wazu
|
daali
|
xias
|
ita
|
asay/axay
|
hapuy
|
Thau
|
tata
|
tusha
|
turu
|
shpaat
|
tarima
|
thau
|
matha
|
atu
|
qali
|
faqlhu
|
ita
|
numa
|
apuy
|
Babusa
|
nata
|
naroa
|
naxup
|
napat
|
nahup
|
babosa/cho
|
magcha
|
mato
|
zysya
|
bao
|
torro
|
numma
|
chaû
|
Truku
|
kingal/
uwin
|
dha
|
tru
|
spat
|
rima
|
seejiq
|
dowriq
|
huling
|
jiyax
|
bgurah
|
ita
|
manu
|
tahut
|
Seediq
|
Truku
|
kingal
|
dha
|
tru
|
spac
|
rima
|
seejiq
|
dowriq
|
huling
|
jiyax
|
bgurah
|
ita
|
manu
|
puniq/
tahut
|
Toda
|
kingal
|
dha
|
tru
|
spac
|
rima
|
seejiq/
seediq
|
dawriq/
dowriq
|
huling
|
jiyax/
diyax
|
burah
|
ita
|
manu
|
tmahu/
mtahu
|
Tgdaya
|
kingal
|
daha
|
teru
|
sepac
|
rima
|
seediq
|
doriq
|
huling
|
ali
|
bgurah
|
ita
|
maanu
|
puniq
|
Sakizaya
|
cacay
|
tusa
|
tulu
|
sepat
|
lima
|
tademaw/
Sakizaya
|
mata
|
wacu
|
demiad
|
baluhay
|
kita
|
canan/
mihica
|
lamal
|
Kavalan
|
ussiq
|
uzusa
|
utulu
|
usepat
|
ulima
|
lazat
|
mata
|
wasu
|
deddan
|
tasu ay
|
aita
|
niana
|
Ramaz
|
Hlaʼalua
|
ucani
|
usua
|
utulu
|
upatʉ
|
ulima
|
cucu'u
|
vulaihli
|
tasau
|
aari
|
varu'u
|
ihlahlamu
|
misaini
|
apuhlu
|
Kanakanavu
|
ucani
|
urucin
|
uturu
|
usʉʉpatʉ
|
urima
|
cau
|
vo'in
|
tacau
|
taniara
|
vo'oorua
|
iikita
|
neni
|
'apuru
|
Taivoan
|
caha
|
ruha
|
toho
|
paha
|
hima
|
pinalang
|
mata
|
cau
|
maki
|
vahu
|
kita
|
mang
|
apui
|
Badan finacadan
|
Tao
|
asa
|
doa
|
atlo
|
apat
|
lima
|
tao
|
mata
|
ino
|
araraw
|
vayo
|
ta
|
ikong
|
apoy
|
Badan
|
asa
|
dadowa
|
tatdo
|
apat
|
lima
|
tao
|
mata
|
chito
|
araw
|
va-yo
|
yaten
|
ango
|
apoy
|
Paheciay (註釋)
- ^ 根據Ethnologue: Languages of the World (2022)的資料。精確的數目是181,200人。未列入使用不屬於臺灣南島語的達悟語的3,800人。
Pawa’ayan (腳註)
- ^ Blust, R. (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics" in E. Zeitoun & P.J.K Li (Ed.) Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (pp. 31-94). Taipei: Academia Sinica.
- ^ 109 年人口及住宅普查初步統計結果提要分析 (PDF). [2022-06-22]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-12-02).
- ^ 李壬癸. The internal relationships of Formosan languages (台灣南島語的內部關係). 2006 [2019-07-17]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-06).
- ^ 中華民國原住民族委員會. 台灣原住民族與世界南島語系民族的關係 - 南島語族 - 平埔族及南島語族簡介 - 族群與文化. [2011-08-05]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-01).
- ^ 原住民族語言發展法三讀通過,原住民族語言為國家語言. 中華民國原住民族委員會. [2017-08-03]. (原始內容存檔於2017-08-01).
- ^ 平埔文化專題. 中央研究院民族所數位典藏. (原始內容存檔於2014-08-19).
- ^ 史前時代南島語系民族的大遷移. [2009-01-24]. (原始內容存檔於2009-01-14).
- ^ Robert Blust. 1999. Subgrouping, Circularity and Extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Elizabeth Zeitoun and Paul Jen-kuei Li (eds.), Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, 1-54. Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Sinica.
- ^ <聯合國組織報告>台灣7種語言 已滅絕. 自由時報. 2009-02-21 [2024-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-02).
- ^ 杜正勝. 部長序. [2019-04-09]. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-22) (中文(臺灣)).
- ^ 因iso仍未將太魯閣語及賽德克語分別開來,故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 因iso仍未將道卡斯語及巴布薩語分別開來,故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 因iso仍未將道卡斯語及巴布薩語分別開來,故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 因iso仍未將巴宰語及噶哈巫語分別開來,故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 因iso仍未將西拉雅語及馬卡道語分別開來,故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 國立自然科學博物館,2001
- ^ 何大安、楊秀芳,2000
- ^ 原住民族語言研究發展中心. 族語千詞表. [2020-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-29).
Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻)
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Pinayaran minengneng (延伸閱讀)
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Papotalay calay (外部連結)