Keta

Keta
Keta
	Boginja Keto pomaže svom ocu Pontu u mitološkom ratu poznatom kao Gigantomahija – oko 166–156. p. n. e. – Friz, Pergamski oltar Zeusa
Roditelji	Pont i Geja
Suprug(a)	Fork
Braća	Nerej, Taumant i Fork
Sestre	Euribija
Mitologija	Grčka mitologija
Stanište	More

Keta (starogrčki: Κητώ , "morsko čudovište") u grčkoj mitologiji je prvobitna boginja mora u grčkoj mitologiji, kćerka Ponta i njegove majke Geje. Kao mitološka figura, smatra se jednim od najstarijih božanstava i rodila je mnoštvo monstruozne djece čiji je otac bio Fork, još jedno dijete Geje i Ponta. Malo tijelo Sunčevog sistema 65489 Keto nazvano je po njoj, a njegov satelit po Forku.

Keto je također različito nazivana Kratej (starogrčki: Κράταιις , Krataiis, od starogrčki: κραταιίς , "moćan") i Trijen (starogrčki: Τρίενος , Trijenos, od starogrčki: τρίενος , "u roku od tri godine"), a naučnici su je povremeno poistovjećivali s boginjom Hekatom (za koju su Kratej i Trijen također epiteti).

Ovu boginju ne treba miješati s manjom Okeanidom koja se također zove Keto, ili s raznim mitološkim bićima koja se nazivaju ketos (množina kētē ili ketea); ovo je opći termin za "morsko čudovište" u starogrčkom jeziku.^[1]

Porodica

Osim Keto, Geja (Zemlja) i Pont imali su još četiri potomka, Nereja, Taumanta, Forka i Euribiju.^[2] Hesiodova Teogonija navodi djecu Kete i Forka kao dvije Greje: Pemfredo i Enija, te tri Gorgone: Steno, Eurijalu i Meduzu,^[3] a njihovo posljednje potomstvo bila je neimenovana zmija (koju je kasnije Apolonije sa Rodosa nazvao Ladon) koja čuva zlatne jabuke.^[4] Također, prema Hesiodu, polu-žena, polu-zmija Ehidna rodila je "žena" koju je Hesiod vjerovatno smatrao Ketom (s Forkom kao vjerovatnim ocem); međutim, "ona" bi se umjesto toga mogla odnositi na Okeanidu Kaliroju.^[5] Mitograf Ferekid Atinski (5. vijek p. n. e) navodi Ehidnu kao kćerku Forka, bez imenovanja majke.^[6]

Mitografi Apolodor i Higin imenuju po tri kćeri kao potomke Kete i Forka: Pemfredo, Dino i Persidu, zajednički nazvane Greje ("starice").^[7] Apolodor i Higin također navode Ladona kao potomka Ehidne i Tifona, umjesto Kete i Forke.^[8]

Sholijast o Apoloniju sa Rodosa navodi Forku i Ketu kao roditelje Hesperida, ali ova tvrdnja se ne ponavlja u drugim antičkim izvorima.

Keta je moguće majka Nemejskog lava i Sfinge od svog unuka Ortara.^[9]

Homer spominje Toosu, Polifemovu majku u Odiseji, kao Forkovu kćer, ali ne navodi da li je Keta njena majka.

Kult

Plinije Stariji spominje obožavanje "prepoznatljive Kete" u Jopi (sada Jaffa), u jednoj referenci, odmah nakon spominjanja Andromede, koju je Perzej spasio od morskog čudovišta. S. Safrai i M. Stern sugerišu mogućnost da je neko u Jopi uspostavio kult čudovišta pod imenom Keta. Kao alternativno objašnjenje, oni tvrde da su Plinije ili njegov izvor pogrešno protumačili ime Ketus - ili ime sirijske boginje Derketo.^[10]

Reference

^ "κῆτος" in Liddell, Henry and Robert Scott. 1996. A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised by H.S. Jones and R. McKenzie. Ninth edition, with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ Hard, str. 50; Hesiod, Theogony 233–339 (Most, pp. 21–23); Apollodorus 1.2.6.
^ Theogony 270–276 (Most, str. 24, 25).
^ Theogony 333–336 (Most, str. 28, 29); Apollonius of Rhodes, 4.1396.
^ Hesiod, Teogonija 270-300. Though Herbert Jennings Rose says simply that it is "not clear which parents [for Echidna] are meant", Athanassakis, str. 44, says that Ceto and Phorcys are the "more likely candidates for parents". The problem arises from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun "she" in Theogony 295. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe (e.g. Smith s.v. Echidna; Morford, p. 162), according to Clay, p. 159 n. 32, "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Most, p. 27 n. 16 ("Probably Ceto"); Gantz, p. 22 ("Phorkys and Keto produce Echidna"); Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 lines 295–303 ("presumably Keto"); West, p. 249 line 295 ("probably Keto"); Grimal, s.v. Echidna ("Phorcys and Ceto").
^ Pherecydes, fr. 7 Fowler = FGrHist 3 F 7 (Fowler, p. 278); Hošek, str. 678.
^ Apollodorus 2.4.2; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface § str.9.
^ Apollodorus 2.5.11; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface § str.35, 151.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 326–327. Who is meant as the mother is unclear, the problem arising from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun "she" in line 326 of the Theogony, see Clay, str. 159, bilješka 34
^ Colitur illic fabulosa Ceto. Pliny, Book 5, chapter 14, §69; this same paragraph will be referred to as v.14, v.69, V.xiv.69; and v.13 (one of the chapter divisions is missing in some MSS). For Ceto as a transferred name, see Rackham's Loeb translation; for emendations, see The Jewish people in the first century. Historical geography, political history, social, cultural and religious life and institutions. Ed. by S. Safrai and M. Stern in co-operation with D. Flusser and W. C. van Unnik, Vol II, p. 1081, and Oldfather's translation of Pliny (Derceto).

Izvori

Athanassakis, Apostolos N, Hesiod: Theogony, Works and days, Shield, JHU Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-7984-5.
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica, edited and translated by William H. Race, Loeb Classical Library No. 1, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-99630-4. Online version at Harvard University Press.
Caldwell, Richard, Hesiod's Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). ISBN 978-0-941051-00-2.
Clay, Jenny Strauss, Hesiod's Cosmos, Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-82392-0.
Fowler, R. L., Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0198147404.
Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae, in The Myths of Hyginus, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. Online version at ToposText.
Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
Hard, Robin (2004), The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. ISBN 978-0674995611. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-530805-1.
Most, G.W., Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-674-99720-2. Online version at Harvard University Press.
Rose, Herbert Jennings, "Echidna" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Hammond and Scullard (editors), Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-869117-3
Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873).
West, M. L., Hesiod: Theogony, Oxford University Press.

Dodatna literatura

Aken, Dr. A.R.A. van. (1961). Elseviers Mythologische Encyclopedie. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bartelink, Dr. G.J.M. (1988). Prisma van de mythologie. Utrecht: Het Spectrum.

[1] "κῆτος" in Liddell, Henry and Robert Scott. 1996. A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised by H.S. Jones and R. McKenzie. Ninth edition, with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[2] Hard, str. 50; Hesiod, Theogony 233–339 (Most, pp. 21–23); Apollodorus 1.2.6.

[3] Theogony 270–276 (Most, str. 24, 25).

[4] Theogony 333–336 (Most, str. 28, 29); Apollonius of Rhodes, 4.1396.

[5] Hesiod, Teogonija 270-300. Though Herbert Jennings Rose says simply that it is "not clear which parents [for Echidna] are meant", Athanassakis, str. 44, says that Ceto and Phorcys are the "more likely candidates for parents". The problem arises from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun "she" in Theogony 295. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe (e.g. Smith s.v. Echidna; Morford, p. 162), according to Clay, p. 159 n. 32, "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Most, p. 27 n. 16 ("Probably Ceto"); Gantz, p. 22 ("Phorkys and Keto produce Echidna"); Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 lines 295–303 ("presumably Keto"); West, p. 249 line 295 ("probably Keto"); Grimal, s.v. Echidna ("Phorcys and Ceto").

[6] Pherecydes, fr. 7 Fowler = FGrHist 3 F 7 (Fowler, p. 278); Hošek, str. 678.

[7] Apollodorus 2.4.2; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface § str.9.

[8] Apollodorus 2.5.11; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface § str.35, 151.

[9] Hesiod, Theogony 326–327. Who is meant as the mother is unclear, the problem arising from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun "she" in line 326 of the Theogony, see Clay, str. 159, bilješka 34

[10] Colitur illic fabulosa Ceto. Pliny, Book 5, chapter 14, §69; this same paragraph will be referred to as v.14, v.69, V.xiv.69; and v.13 (one of the chapter divisions is missing in some MSS). For Ceto as a transferred name, see Rackham's Loeb translation; for emendations, see The Jewish people in the first century. Historical geography, political history, social, cultural and religious life and institutions. Ed. by S. Safrai and M. Stern in co-operation with D. Flusser and W. C. van Unnik, Vol II, p. 1081, and Oldfather's translation of Pliny (Derceto).

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