Zaze
| Ukupno stanovništva | |
|---|---|
| 2–3 miliona[1][2] | |
| Regije sa značajnim stanovništvom | |
| 2-3 miliona[3][4] | |
| 300.000 [5] | |
| Jezici | |
| Zaza jezik | |
| Religija | |
| Preovladava Sunitski Islam Manjine pripadaju drugim Islamskim ograncima (Šiiti) | |
| Vezane etničke grupe | |
| Iranski narodi | |
Zaze (zaza jezik: Şarê ma, doslovno "Naš narod") su narod u Turskoj.[6] Žive u istočnom, jugoistočnom, sjeveroistočnom, središnjem i sjevernom dijelu Turske. Govore jezikom Zaza, iranskim jezikom koji pripada indoevropskoj jezičkoj porodici.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Ljudi Zaza žive u dijelovima provincija Bingöl, Elazığ, Erzincan, Erzurum, Malatya, Muş, Bitlis i Tunceli u istočnoj Anadoliji i Adıyaman, Diyarbakır i Şanlıurfa u jugoistočnoj Anadoliji.[14] Zaze se također nalaze u provincijama kao što su Kars i Ardahan u sjeveroistočnoj Anatoliji, Kayseri, Sivas i Aksaray u centralnoj Anatoliji te Tokat i Gümüşhane u crnomorskim regijama Turske.[15][16] Izvan Turske, postoji dijaspora Zaza u Zapadnoj Evropi, posebno u Njemačkoj.[5][17] Zaze su uglavnom muslimani i pripadaju uglavnom dvjema sektama: sunitskom islamu i alevizmu.[18][19] Ova sektaška razlika ogleda se u dijalektskim razlikama jezika Zaza; sjevernim dijalektom jezika govore alevitski Zaze, južnim hanefijskim Zaze, a centralnim dijalektom šafijski Zaze. Zaze imaju populaciju od otprilike 2-3 miliona.[20][21]
Jezik naroda Zaza, jezik Zaza, pripada zapadnoiranskoj grani iranskih jezika. Zaza jezik je usko povezan sa jezicima Tati, Tališi, Semnani, Sangsari, Mazandarani i Gilaki.[6][7][8][9][10][12][22][23]
Dok ih neki smatraju Kurdima, mnogi pripadnici naroda Zaza to ne vide tako i naglašavaju vlastiti identitet koji je odvojen i različit od kurdskog naroda.[18][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
Etimologija i imenovanje
Prema Encyclopædiji Iranici, endonim Dimlī ili Dīmla izveden je iz regije Daylam u sjevernom Iranu, a u armenskim historijskim zapisima pojavljuje se kao d(e)lmik, za što se pretpostavlja da potječe od srednjoiranskog *dēlmīk, što znači "Dajlamit". Među njihovim susjedima narod je uglavnom poznat kao Zāzā, što je značilo "mucavac" i korišteno je kao pogrdna riječ. Hadank i Mckenzie pripisuju relativnu obilje sibilanata i afrikata u jeziku Zaza kako bi objasnili semantičku etimologiju imena.[5] Međutim, važni historijski i društveni dokazi protive se ovoj hipotezi.[31] U početku predložena kao mogućnost i često korištena za razlikovanje Zaza od Kurda, ona ne objašnjava porijeklo drugih imena kao što su Dunbuli ili Dumbeli, od kojih potječe izraz Dimilî. Ovu vezu podržava nekoliko dokaza, uključujući upotrebu termina "Dumel" ili Zaza u Kurdistanu za azerbejdžansko pleme Dunbuli, historijske zapise o plemenu Dunbuli koje je migriralo u Dersim za vrijeme vladavine šaha Ismaila i dokumentovane dokaze da je pleme Dunbuli u Paluu govorilo zazaki. U nekim regijama termin "Dunbuli" još se koristi za označavanje Zaza.[32] Izraz "Dimilî" potječe od imena "Dunbulî" (također se piše "Dumbulî"), kurdskog plemena dokumentiranog od 12. stoljeća.[31]
Reference
- ^ Aktan, Sertaç (3. 5. 2019). "KONDA'dan dikkat çeken araştırma: Türkiye'nin nüfusu 100 kişi olsaydı". Euronews. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 23. 12. 2023.
- ^ Yetkin, Murat (18. 11. 2019). "Türkiye'de kaç Kürt, kaç Sünni, kaç Alevi yaşıyor?" (jezik: turski). Yetkin Report. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 23. 12. 2023.
- ^ Aktan, Sertaç (3. 5. 2019). "KONDA'dan dikkat çeken araştırma: Türkiye'nin nüfusu 100 kişi olsaydı". Euronews. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 23. 12. 2023.
- ^ Yetkin, Murat (18. 11. 2019). "Türkiye'de kaç Kürt, kaç Sünni, kaç Alevi yaşıyor?" (jezik: turski). Yetkin Report. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 23. 12. 2023.
- ^ a b c Asatrian, Garnik (1995), "Dimli", Encyclopædia Iranica, VI (5): 405–411, pristupljeno 7. 6. 2020
- ^ a b c Asatrian, Garnik (1995), "Dimli", Encyclopædia Iranica, VI (5): 405–411, pristupljeno 7. 6. 2020
- ^ a b "Zaza". Glottolog. Pristupljeno 2. 2. 2026.
- ^ a b Hadank, Karl (1932). Mundarten der Zâzâ, Hauptsächlich aus Siwerek und Kor (in German). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 18-23, 24-26.
- ^ a b "639 Identifier Documentation: zza". SIL International. 2008. Pristupljeno 6. 5. 2024.
- ^ a b "Zaza". Ethnologue. 2025. Pristupljeno 20. 12. 2025.
- ^ Keskin, Mesut (2015), Zaza Dili (Zaza Language) (PDF) (jezik: turski), 1, Bingöl: Bingöl Üniversitesi Yaşayan Diller Enstitüsü Dergisi, arhivirano s originala (PDF), 7. 6. 2020, pristupljeno 7. 6. 2020
- ^ a b Gippert, Jost (2008). "Zur dialektalen Stellung des Zazaki". Die Sprache. 47 (1): 103.
- ^ Paul, Ludwig (1998). "The Pozition of Zazaki the West Iranian Languages" (PDF). Iran Chamber. Open Publishing. Pristupljeno 28. 10. 2025.
- ^ Keskin, Mesut (2015), Zaza Dili (Zaza Language) (PDF) (jezik: turski), 1, Bingöl: Bingöl Üniversitesi Yaşayan Diller Enstitüsü Dergisi, arhivirano s originala (PDF), 7. 6. 2020, pristupljeno 7. 6. 2020
- ^ Bozbuğa, Rasim (2014). "Bilinmeyen Halk: Zazalar" [Unknown peoples; Zazas]. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 1 (1): 56–57.
- ^ Keskin, Mesut (2015), Zaza Dili (Zaza Language) (PDF) (jezik: turski), 1, Bingöl: Bingöl Üniversitesi Yaşayan Diller Enstitüsü Dergisi, arhivirano s originala (PDF), 7. 6. 2020, pristupljeno 7. 6. 2020
- ^ Arakelova, Victoria (2022). "Христианские элементы в религии заза-алевитов" [Christian Elements in the Zaza-Alevit Religion] (PDF). Kavkaz-Forum. 11 (18): 25–26.
- ^ a b Bozbuğa, Rasim (2019). Kimlikleşme kavşağında Zaza kimliği ve Zaza hareketi [Zaza Identity and Zaza Movement at Crossroads of Identity Formation] (pHd thesis) (jezik: turski). Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi. str. 131, 161–163. Pristupljeno 17. 12. 2025.
In summary, it is observed that in the perception of Zaza identity by Zaza intellectuals and activists, elements that distinguish Zazas from others or from the "other" are highlighted. In this context, it is understood that elements such as Zaza History, Zaza Language, Zaza Culture, and Zaza personality are coded as the boundaries of Zaza identity.
- ^ Werner, Eberhard (2017). "Rivers and Mountains: A Historical, Applied Anthropological and Linguistical Study of the Zaza People of Turkey including an Introduction to Applied Cultural Anthropology" (PDF). SIL International. str. 70, 97–101. Pristupljeno 17. 12. 2025.
- ^ Aktan, Sertaç (3. 5. 2019). "KONDA'dan dikkat çeken araştırma: Türkiye'nin nüfusu 100 kişi olsaydı". Euronews. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 23. 12. 2023.
- ^ Yetkin, Murat (18. 11. 2019). "Türkiye'de kaç Kürt, kaç Sünni, kaç Alevi yaşıyor?" (jezik: turski). Yetkin Report. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 23. 12. 2023.
- ^ Keskin, Mesut (2015), Zaza Dili (Zaza Language) (PDF) (jezik: turski), 1, Bingöl: Bingöl Üniversitesi Yaşayan Diller Enstitüsü Dergisi, arhivirano s originala (PDF), 7. 6. 2020, pristupljeno 7. 6. 2020
- ^ Paul, Ludwig (1998). "The Pozition of Zazaki the West Iranian Languages" (PDF). Iran Chamber. Open Publishing. Pristupljeno 28. 10. 2025.
- ^ Keskin, Mesut (2025). Identitätsdynamik und Ethnizität der Zaza-sprachigen Bevölkerung zwischen Fremdzuschreibung und Selbstverortung. Berlin: Verlag. str. 158. ISBN 978-3-643-15771-3.
The question whether Zaza and Kurmanji speakers form a single nation was answered "no" by 69%, "yes" by 20%, "I do not know" by 2.7%..".
- ^ Hennerbichler, Ferdinand (2004). Die Kurden (Geschichte des kurdischen Volkes). Mosonmagyaróvár: Fhe-Ed. str. 46. ISBN 963-214-575-5.
Considerable residential areas of ethnic groups such as Dimili/Zaza speakers in northwestern Anatolia are not considered Kurdish by linguistic research, but are included by most Kurdish authors in maps of Kurdistan because they identify as Kurdish. Many Zaza/Dimili, however, do not see it that way and emphasize their own "distinct identity".
- ^ Rençber, Fevzi (2013). "Within The Scope of Religion-Identity Discussıons, An Evaluation for Ethnic Identities Of Alawi People Speaking Zazaki". The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. 6 (6): 952–953. [As a result of the research, a large majority of the subjects, 70% (560), identified themselves as "Zaza" Alevis. In contrast, 20% (160) stated that they considered themselves "Turkish" Alevis, while 10% (80) stated that they considered themselves "Kurdish" Alevis." "In conclusion, we can say that the vast majority of Alevis who speak Zazaki consider themselves Zaza.]
- ^ Torgut, Furkan (2019). Etnik Kimlik İnşasında Mezhep Farklılığının Oynadığı Rol: Zazalar Örneği [The Role of Mezhep Difference in the Construction of Ethnic Identity: The Case of Zazas] (Master's thesis) (jezik: turski). Van: Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Pristupljeno 30. 12. 2025.
...Alevi Zazas and Sunni Zazas, who are divided into different sects, have shown the same behaviors in terms of ethnic identity. Both groups have stated that they are ethnically different. Alevi and Sunni Zazas do not accept the claim that Zaza is a dialect of Kurdish; they do not consider themselves ethnically Turkish or Kurdish.
- ^ Tasci, Hülya (2010). "Funktion von Zazaki und der kurmancî Sprache im Kontext der alevitischen Identität". u Hunner-Kreisel, Christine; Andresen, Sabine (ured.). Kindheit und Jugend in muslimischen Lebenswelten: Aufwachsen und Bildung in deutscher und internationaler Perspektive. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. str. 150, 152. ISBN 978-3-531-16751-0.
Zazaki is not described as a Kurdish language by most Zazaki-speaking Alevis. However, it is considered a Kurdish language by Kurmanji-speaking Alevis." "Some Zazaki-speaking Alevis consciously distinguish themselves from Kurmanji-speaking Alevis and/or Turkish-speaking Alevis.
- ^ Aratemür, Yaşar (2025). Sprachatlas Der Zaza-Sprache: Lautgeographie Des Zazaki. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-74621-3.
- ^ Selcan, Zülfü (2011). "Zaza Dilinin Tarihi Gelişimi" [Historical Development of Zaza Language] (PDF). I. Uluslararası Zaza Dili Sempozyumu. 127-129. Pristupljeno 27. 12. 2025.
- ^ a b Karim, Shuan Osman; Gholami, Saloumeh, ured. (2024). Gorani in its historical and linguistic context. Trends in linguistics documentation (jezik: engleski). De Gruyter Mouton. str. 253. ISBN 978-3-11-116868-5.
- ^ Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (2021). The Cambridge history of the Kurds (jezik: engleski). Štamparija Univerziteta u Cambridgeu. str. 666–668. ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4.
Dodatna literatura
- "Mundart Zaza" (by Peter I. Lerch, 1857/58)
- "Mewlýd" (by Ehmedê Xasi, 1899 and Usman Efendiyo Babýc, 1933)
- "Mundarten der Zaza" (by Karl Hadank, 1932; post-humous works from Oskar Mann)
- "A grammar of Dimili" (by Terry L. Todd, 1985)
- "Rastnustena Zonê Ma" (by C. M. Jacobson, 1993)
- "Zazaca Okuma-Yazma El Kitabý" (by C. M. Jacobson, 1997)
- "Grammatik der Zaza-Sprache" (by Zülfü Selcan, 1998)
- "Zazaki -Grammatik und Versuch einer Dialektologie-" (by Ludwig Paul, 1998)
Vanjski linkovi
- Ethnologue on Zazaki
- Academic Research Center of Zazaki
- Web Center of Zaza People
- http://www.zazaki-institut.de Arhivirano 11. 11. 2012. na Wayback Machine
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070410132050/http://www21.brinkster.com/miyaheqi/culture/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070217093056/http://f23.parsimony.net/forum49992/index.htm
- Radio Zaza
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