Share to:

 

AstraZeneca

AstraZeneca plc
Company typePublic
ISINGB0009895292
Industry
Predecessors
Founded6 April 1999; 25 years ago (1999-04-06)
HeadquartersCambridge Biomedical Campus,
Cambridge
,
England
Area served
Global
Key people
Products
RevenueIncrease US$45.811 billion (2023)[1]
Increase US$8.193  billion (2023)[1]
Increase US$5.961 billion (2023)[1]
Total assetsIncrease US$101.119 billion (2023)[1]
Total equityIncrease US$39.166 billion (2023)[1]
Number of employees
89,900 (2023)[1]
Subsidiaries
Websiteastrazeneca.com

AstraZeneca plc (/ˌæstrəˈzɛnəkə/) (AZ) is a British-Swedish[2][3][4] multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with its headquarters at the Cambridge Biomedical Campus in Cambridge, United Kingdom.[5] It has a portfolio of products for major diseases in areas including oncology, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, infection, neuroscience, respiratory, and inflammation.

The company was founded in 1999 through the merger of the Swedish Astra AB and the British Zeneca Group[6][7] (itself formed by the demerger of the pharmaceutical operations of Imperial Chemical Industries in 1993). Since the merger it has been among the world's largest pharmaceutical companies and has made numerous corporate acquisitions, including Cambridge Antibody Technology (in 2006), MedImmune (in 2007), Spirogen (in 2013) and Definiens (by MedImmune in 2014). It has its research and development concentrated in three strategic centres: Cambridge, United Kingdom; Gothenburg, Sweden[8][9] and Gaithersburg in Maryland, U.S.[10]

AstraZeneca traces its earliest corporate history to 1913, when Astra AB was formed by a large group of doctors and apothecaries in Södertälje. Throughout the twentieth century, it grew into the largest pharmaceutical company in Sweden. Its British counterpart, Zeneca PLC was formed in 1993 when ICI divested its pharmaceuticals businesses; Astra AB and Zeneca PLC merged six years later, with the chosen headquarters in the United Kingdom.[11]

AstraZeneca's primary listing is on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index; it also has a secondary listing on the Nasdaq Stockholm. It is also listed on the American Nasdaq and is a Nasdaq-100 company. AstraZeneca has one of the highest market capitalisations of pharmaceutical companies worldwide.[12]

History

Astra AB was founded in 1913 in Södertälje, Sweden, by 400 doctors and apothecaries.[13] In 1993 the British chemicals company ICI (established from four British chemical companies) demerged its pharmaceuticals businesses and its agrochemicals and specialities businesses, to form Zeneca Group PLC.[14] Finally, in 1999 Astra and Zeneca Group merged to form AstraZeneca plc, with its headquarters in London.[14] In 1999, AstraZeneca identified a new location for the company's US base, the "Fairfax-plus" site in North Wilmington, Delaware.[15]

2000–2006

In 2002, its drug Iressa (gefitinib) was approved in Japan as monotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer.[16] On 3 January 2004 Dr Robert Nolan, a former director of AstraZeneca, formed the management team of ZI Medical.[17]

In 2005, the company acquired KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, a UK biotech company, for £120 million.[18] and entered into an anti-cancer collaboration agreement with Astex[19] It also announced that it had become a Diamond Member of the Pennsylvania Bio commerce organisation.[20]

In 2006, following a collaborative relationship begun in 2004, AstraZeneca acquired Cambridge Antibody Technology for £702 million.[21]

2007–2012: The patent cliff and subsequent acquisitions

In February 2007, AstraZeneca agreed to buy Arrow Therapeutics, a company focused on the discovery and development of anti-viral therapies, for US$150 million.[22] AstraZeneca's pipeline, and "patent cliff", was the subject of much speculation in April 2007 leading to pipeline-boosting collaboration and acquisition activities.[23] A few days later AstraZeneca acquired US company MedImmune for about US$15.2 billion to gain flu vaccines and an anti-viral treatment for infants;[24] AstraZeneca subsequently consolidated all of its biologics operations into a dedicated biologics division called MedImmune.[25]

In 2010, AstraZeneca acquired Novexel Corp, an antibiotics discovery company formed in 2004 as a spin-off of the Sanofi-Aventis anti-infectives division. Astra acquired the experimental antibiotic NXL-104 (CEF104) (CAZ-AVI) through this acquisition.[26][27]

In 2011, AstraZeneca acquired Guangdong BeiKang Pharmaceutical Company, a Chinese generics business.[28]

In February 2012, AstraZeneca and Amgen announced a collaboration on treatments for inflammatory diseases.[29] Then in April 2012, AstraZeneca acquired Ardea Biosciences, another biotechnology company, for $1.26 billion.[30] In June 2012, AstraZeneca and Bristol Myers Squibb announced a two-stage deal for the joint acquisition of the biotechnology company Amylin Pharmaceuticals.[31][32] It was agreed that Bristol Myers Squibb would acquire Amylin for $5.3 billion in cash and the assumption of $1.7 billion in debt, with AstraZeneca then paying $3.4 billion in cash to Bristol Myers Squibb, and Amylin being folded into an existing diabetes joint venture between AstraZeneca and Bristol Myers Squibb.[32]

2013 restructuring and beyond

2013

In March 2013 AstraZeneca announced plans for a major corporate restructuring, including the closure of its research and development activities at Alderley Park in Cheshire and Loughborough in the UK and at Lund in Sweden, investment of $500 million in the construction of a new research and development facility in Cambridge and the concentration of R&D in three locations: Cambridge, Gaithersburg, Maryland (location of MedImmune, where it will work on biotech drugs), and Mölndal (near Göteborg aka Gothenburg) in Sweden, for research on traditional chemical drugs.[10] AstraZeneca also announced that it would move its corporate headquarters from London to Cambridge in 2016.[33][34] That announcement included the announcement that it would cut 1,600 jobs; three days later it announced it would cut an additional 2,300 jobs.[35][36] It also announced that it would focus on three therapeutic areas: Respiratory Inflammation & Autoimmunity, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease, and Oncology.[37] In October 2013, AstraZeneca announced it would acquire biotech oncology company Spirogen for around US$440 million.[38]

2014

On 19 May 2014 AstraZeneca rejected a "final offer" from Pfizer of £55 per share, which valued the company at £69.4 billion (US$117 billion). The companies had been meeting since January 2014. If the takeover had proceeded, Pfizer would have become the world's biggest drug maker. The transaction would also have been the biggest foreign takeover of a British company. Many in Britain, including politicians and scientists, had opposed the deal.[39] In July 2014 the company entered into a deal with Almirall to acquire its subsidiary Almirall Sofotec and its lung treatments including the COPD drug, Eklira. The US$2.1 billion deal included an allocation of US$1.2 billion for development in the respiratory franchise, one of AstraZeneca's three target therapeutic areas announced the year before. In August 2014 the company announced it had entered into a three-year collaboration with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma on diabetic nephropathy.[40] In September 2014 the company would join forces with Eli Lilly in developing and commercialising its candidate BACE inhibitor – AZD3292 – used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The deal could yield up to US$500 million for the company.[41] In November 2014 the company's biologics R&D operation, MedImmune, agreed to acquire Definiens for more than US$150 million. The company also began a Phase I/II trial collaboration with Pharmacyclics and Janssen Biotech investigating combination treatments.[42] Also in November of the same year, the company agreed to sell its lipodystrophy treatment business to Aegerion Pharmaceuticals for more than US$325 million.[43] In December, the company received accelerated FDA approval for Olaparib in the treatment of women with advanced ovarian cancer who have a BRCA genetic mutation. A major criterion governing the drugs approval was, on average, its ability to shrink tumours in patients for 7.9 months.[44]

2015

In February 2015, the company announced it would acquire the US and Canadian rights to Actavis's branded respiratory drug business for an initial sum of US$600 million.[45] Later in the same month the company announced it would partner with Orca Pharmaceuticals to develop retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma inhibitors for use in the treatment of a number of autoimmune diseases, which could generate up to US$122.5 million for Orca.[46] The company also announced its plan to spend US$40 million creating a new subsidiary focused on small molecule anti-infectives – primarily in the research of the gyrase inhibitor, AZD0914, which is currently in Phase II for the treatment of gonorrhea.[47] The company underwrote twenty out of thirty-two seats of a new Cambridge– Gothenburg service by Sun-Air of Scandinavia.[48]

In mid-March the company announced it would co-commercialise naloxegol along with Daiichi Sankyo in a deal worth up to US$825 million.[49] Towards the end of April the company announced a number of collaborations worth an estimated US$1.8 billion; first, to develop and commercialise MEDI4736, with Celgene, for use against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndromes, and multiple myeloma with AstraZeneca receiving US$450 million. The second of two deals is an agreement to study a combination treatment of MEDI4736 and Innate Pharma's Phase II anti-NKG2A antibody IPH2201 for up to US$1.275 billion. The company's MedImmune arm also launched collaborative clinical trials with Juno Therapeutics, investigating combination treatments for cancer.[50] The trials will assess combinations of MEDI4736 and one of Juno Therapeutics' CD19 directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell candidates.[51] In late June the company announced it has entered into a partnership agreement with Eolas Therapeutics on the Eolas Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist (EORA) program for smoking cessation and other treatments.[52] In July the company announced it would sell off its rights to Entocort (budesonide) to Tillotts Pharma for US$215 million.[53] In July 2015, Genzyme announced it would acquire the rare cancer drug Caprelsa (vandetanib) from AstraZeneca for up to US$300 million.[54] In August, the company announced it had acquired the global rights to develop and commercialise Heptares Therapeutics' drug candidate HTL-1071, which focuses on blocking the adenosine A2A receptor, in a deal worth up to US$510 million.[55] In the same month the company's MedImmune subsidiary acquired exclusive rights to Inovio Pharmaceuticals' INO-3112 immunotherapy, currently in Phase I/II, under an agreement which could net more than US$727.5 million for Inovio. INO-3112 targets Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18.[56] In September, Valeant licensed Brodalumab from the company for up to US$445 million.[57][58] On 6 November it was reported that AstraZeneca had acquired ZS Pharma for US$2.7 billion.[59] In December the company announced its intention to acquire the respiratory portfolio of Takeda Pharmaceutical – namely Alvesco and Omnaris – for US$575 million[60] A day later, the company announced it had taken a 55% majority stake in Acerta for US$4 billion. As part of the transaction the company will gain commercial rights to Acerta's irreversible oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, acalabrutinib (ACP-196), which is currently in Phase III development for B-cell blood cancers and in Phase I or II clinical trials in solid tumours.[61] In 2015, it was the eighth-largest drug company in the world based on sales revenue.[62]

2017

In July 2017, the company's CEO Pascal Soriot said that Brexit would not affect its commitment to its current plans in the United Kingdom. However, it had slowed decision making for new investment projects waiting for a post-Brexit regulatory regime to settle down.[63]

In September 2017, the company's chairman Leif Johansson planned in taking the "first steps" in moving its research and manufacturing operations away from the United Kingdom, if there is a hard Brexit.[64]

In 2017, it was the eleventh largest drug company in the world based on sales and ranked seventh based on R&D investment.[65]

In January EVP Pam Cheng stated that AstraZeneca has ignited startup of duplicate QA testing facility in Sweden and has initiated hiring in Sweden.[66]

2018

In February 2018, AstraZeneca announced it was spinning off six early-stage experimental drugs into a new biotechnology company, known as Viela Bio, valued at US$250 million.[67]

On 6 December 2018, AstraZeneca purchased nearly 8% of the American pharmaceutical business, Moderna.[68]

2019

In March 2019, AstraZeneca announced it will pay up to US$6.9 billion to work with Daiichi Sankyo Co Ltd on an experimental treatment for breast cancer. AstraZeneca plans to use some of the proceeds of a US$3.5 billion share issue to fund the deal. The deal on the drug known as trastuzumab deruxtecan sent shares in Japan's Daiichi soaring 16%.[69]

In September 2019, the company announced that it would cease drug production at its German headquarters in Wedel, leading to the loss of 175 jobs by the end of 2021.[70][71]

In October 2019, AstraZeneca announced it would sell the global commercial rights for its drug to treat acid reflux to German pharmaceutical company Cheplapharm Arzneimittel GmbH for as much as US$276 million.[72][73]

2020

In February 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to sublicense its global rights (except Europe, Canada and Israel) to the drug Movantik, to Redhill Biopharma.[74]

In June 2020, AstraZeneca made a preliminary approach to Gilead Sciences about a potential merger, worth almost US$240 billion.[75][76] However, these plans were subsequently dropped because it would have distracted the company from its own pipeline and ongoing COVID-19 vaccine efforts.[77]

In July 2020, the business entered into its second collaboration with Daiichi Sankyo, centred around the development of DS-1062, an antibody drug conjugate. The deal could potentially be worth up to US$6 billion for Daiichi.[78]

In September 2020, AstraZeneca acquired the preclinical oral PCSK9 inhibitor program from Dogma Therapeutics.[79]

On 27 December 2020, AstraZeneca CEO Pascal Soriot said that they have “figured out the winning formula” with their two-dose system with the Oxford University’s COVID-19 vaccine.[80]

On 30 December 2020, the United Kingdom approved the emergency use of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.[81][82][83]

2021

In July 2021, AstraZeneca acquired Alexion Pharmaceuticals.[84][85] In October 2021, the company, through Alexion, acquired Caelum Biosciences and its monoclonal treatment (CAEL-101) for light chain (AL) amyloidosis for up to $500 million.[86][87]

2022

In July, the company announced it would acquire TeneoTwo for up to $1.3 billion, increasing its blood cancer drug offering.[88] In October 2022 it was announced that the company would acquire LogicBio Therapeutics, which was active in clinical-stage genomic medicine.[89][90]

In November 2022, it was announced AstraZeneca had acquired the Amsterdam-headquartered clinical-stage biotechnology company, Neogene Therapeutics.[91]

2023

In January, AstraZeneca announced it would acquire CinCor Pharma for $1.8 billion.[92]

In November 2023, AstraZeneca launched a new global health tech business, Evinova, that focused on provide global services to CROs and pharma companies to design, run and monitor clinical trials.[93]

In December 2023, AstraZeneca announced that it would acquire an RSV vaccine developer, Icosavax for $1.1 billion.[94] Later that month, AstraZeneca agreed to acquire clinical-stage biopharmaceutical developer of cell therapies for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, Gracell Biotechnologies, in a deal valued at up to $1.2 billion.[95] Both the acquisitions were completed in February 2024.[96][97]

2024

In March 2024, AstraZeneca announced it would acquire Amolyt Pharma for $1.05 billion in cash.[98]

In March 2024, AstraZeneca announced it would acquire Fusion Pharmaceuticals Inc for $2 billion in cash.[99]

In July 2024, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Nice) blocked the National Health Service (NHS) from providing Enhertu, an innovative treatment for advanced HER2-low breast cancer, due to AstraZeneca and Daiichi Sankyo not offering a low enough price. Nice's decision, the first rejection of a breast cancer treatment in six years, highlighted the financial challenges of funding complex medicines, with Enhertu costing £117,857 per treatment course. Despite approval by the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency, Nice's non-recommendation meant the drug could only be available privately or under separate funding in Scotland. Clinical trials showed Enhertu extended patients' lives by five months compared to chemotherapy, but Nice and the companies could not agree on a new price.[100]

In December 2024, the company announced the appointment of Rene Haas and Birgit Conix to its board as non-executive directors.[101] Both appointments will be effective from January 2025 and February 2025 respectively.[101]

Acquisition history

The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors:[102]

  • AstraZeneca
    • AstraZeneca (Merged 1999)
    • KuDOS Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2005)
    • MedImmune Biologics
    • Arrow Therapeutics (Acq 2007)
    • Novexel Corp (Acq 2010)
    • Guangdong BeiKang Pharmaceutical Company (Acq 2011)
    • Ardea Biosciences (Acq 2012)
    • Amylin Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2012 jointly with Bristol-Myers Squibb)
    • Spirogen (Acq 2013)
    • Pearl Therapeutics[104] (Acq 2013)
    • Omthera Pharmaceuticals[105] (Acq 2013)
    • ZS Pharma (Acq 2015)
    • Alexion Pharmaceuticals[84] (Acq 2021)
      • Proliferon Inc (Acq 2000, restructured into Alexion Antibody Technologies Inc)
      • Enobia Pharma Corp (Acq 2011)
      • Synageva BioPharma (Acq 2015)
      • Wilson Therapeutics (Acq 2018)
      • Syntimmune (Acq 2018)
      • Achillion Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2019)
      • Portola Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2020)
      • Caelum Biosciences (Acq 2021)
    • TeneoTwo (Acq 2022)
    • LogicBio Therapeutics (Acq 2022)
    • Neogene Therapeutics (Acq 2022)
    • CinCor Pharma (Acq 2023)
    • Icosavax (Acq 2024)
    • Gracell Biotechnologies (Acq 2024)
    • Amolyt Pharma (Acq 2024)
    • Fusion Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2024)

Operations

The AstraZeneca R&D facility in Mölndal near Gothenburg, Sweden
The new AstraZeneca Corporate HQ under construction in Cambridge, United Kingdom

AstraZeneca develops, manufactures and sells pharmaceutical and biotechnology products to treat disorders in the oncology, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, infection, neuroscience, respiratory and inflammation areas.[106]

AstraZeneca has its corporate headquarters in Cambridge, United Kingdom, and its main research and development (R&D) centres are in Cambridge (UK), Gaithersburg (Maryland, US), Mölndal in Gothenburg (Sweden), and Warsaw (Poland).[107]

Headquarters

AstraZeneca's global headquarters are located in the Cambridge Biomedical Campus adjacent to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, United Kingdom. This facility, known as the Discovery Centre, was designed by Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron[108] and officially opened by Prince Charles on the 23 November 2021.[109] The building is designed to accommodate over 2,200 scientists across 16 laboratories covering approximately 19,000 square meters. built at a cost of approximately £1 billion.[110]

Cambridge-Gothenburg flights

In 2015 AstraZeneca arranged for the establishment of a direct air route between Cambridge and Gothenburg, which began operation on March 2, 2015.[111] The company reserved 20 of the 32 seats on each flight, with the remaining seats available to the public, which was operated SUN-AIR for British Airways.[112] The service connects AstraZeneca’s global headquarters in Cambridge with its research facility in Mölndal (near Göteborg aka Gothenburg).[113] The service operated four days a week and was intended to support collaboration between staff in the two locations, allowing same-day travel for meetings. The route ended as a scheduled public service in 2016 due to insufficient demand,[114] but these flights continue for AstraZeneca employees as of 2024.[115]

Orphan drugs

In April 2015, AstraZeneca's drug tremelimumab was approved as an orphan drug for the treatment of mesothelioma in the United States.[116] In February 2016, AstraZeneca announced that a clinical trial of tremelimumab as a treatment for mesothelioma failed to meet its primary endpoint.[117]

Senior management

As of 2008, David Brennan was paid US$1,574,144 for his role as chief executive officer.[118]

On 26 April 2012, it was announced that Brennan was to retire in early June of that year.[119] In August 2012, Pascal Soriot was named CEO of AstraZeneca.[120]

It was also announced that Leif Johansson would succeed Louis Schweitzer as non-executive chairman on 1 June 2012, three months earlier than previously announced, and would become Chairman of the Nomination and Governance Committee after the 2012 Annual General Meeting.[119]

The company's non-executive Board directors are Philip Broadley, Euan Ashley, Michel Demaré, Deborah DiSanzo, Diana Layfield, Sheri McCoy, Tony Mok, Nazneen Rahman, Andreas Rummelt, and Marcus Wallenberg.[121]

Lobbying

Political lobbying

AstraZeneca is a member of the Personalized Medicine Coalition, a medical research advocacy group that lobbies on behalf of the pharmaceutical industry.[122]

Controversies

Following 2008 Sichuan earthquake

AstraZeneca's reputation in China was tarnished following the failure of its Chinese subsidiary to timely donate to relief efforts following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.[123]: 121  Typically, donations for disaster relief in China are made through funds established through the Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs and its subordinate organization the Red Cross Society of China.[123]: 121  AstraZeneca had a corporate rule prohibiting foreign subsidiaries from making donations to local governments and the company construed this rule as prohibiting donations for Sichuan earthquake relief efforts.[123]: 121  AstraZeneca's Chinese subsidiary received major backlash for its failure to donate.[123]: 121  While corporate approval was ultimately given for the Chinese subsidiary to donate, the approval came after long delay.[123]: 121 

Seroquel

In April 2010, AstraZeneca settled a qui tam lawsuit brought by Stefan P. Kruszewski for US$520 million to settle allegations that the company defrauded Medicare, Medicaid, and other government-funded health care programs in connection with its marketing and promotional practices for the blockbuster atypical antipsychotic, Seroquel. According to the settlement agreement, AstraZeneca targeted its illegal marketing of the anti-psychotic Seroquel towards doctors who do not typically treat schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, such as physicians who treat the elderly, primary care physicians, pediatric and adolescent physicians, and in long-term care facilities and prisons.[124]

In March 2011, AstraZeneca settled a lawsuit in the United States totalling US$68.5 million to be divided up to 38 states.[125]

Nexium

The company's most commercially successful medication is esomeprazole (Nexium). The primary uses are treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, treatment and maintenance of erosive esophagitis, treatment of duodenal ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori, prevention of gastric ulcers in those on chronic NSAID therapy, and treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers associated with Crohn's disease. When it is manufactured the result is a mixture of two mirror-imaged molecules, R and S. Two years before the omeprazole patent expired, AstraZeneca patented S-omeprazole in pure form, pointing out that since some people metabolise R-omeprazole slowly, pure S-omeprazole treatment would give higher dose efficiency and less variation between individuals.[126] In March 2001, the company began to market Nexium, as it would a brand new drug.[127]

The (R)-enantiomer of omeprazole is metabolized exclusively by the enzyme CYP2C19, which is expressed in very low amounts by 3% of the population. Treated with a normal dose of the enantiomeric mixture, these persons will experience blood levels five-times higher than those with normal CYP2C19 production. In contrast, esomeprazole is metabolized by both CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, providing less-variable drug exposure.[128] While omeprazole is approved only at doses of up to 20 mg for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux,[129] esomeprazole is approved for doses up to 40 mg.[130]

In 2007, Marcia Angell, former editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine and a lecturer in social medicine at the Harvard Medical School, said in Stern, a German-language weekly newsmagazine, that AstraZeneca's scientists had misrepresented their research on the drug's efficiency, saying: "Instead of using presumably comparable doses [of each drug], the company's scientists used Nexium in higher dosages. They compared 20 and 40 mg Nexium with 20 mg Prilosec. With the cards having been marked in that way, Nexium looked like an improvement – which however was only small and shown in only two of the three studies."[131]

Bildman fraud, sexual harassment and faithless servant clawback

On 4 February 1998, Astra USA sued Lars Bildman, its former president and chief executive officer, seeking US$15 million for defrauding the company.[132] The sum included US$2.3 million in company funds he allegedly used to fix up three of his homes, plus money the company paid as the result of the EEOC investigation. Astra's lawsuit alleged Bildman sexually harassed and intimidated employees, used company funds for yachts and sex workers, destroyed documents and records, and concocted: "tales of conspiracy involving ex-KGB agents and competitors. This was in a last-ditch effort to distract attention from the real wrongdoer, Bildman himself." Bildman had already pleaded guilty in US District Court for failing to report more than US$1 million in income on his tax returns.[133] In addition, several female co-workers filed personal sexual-harassment lawsuits against Bildman.[134] In April 1998, Bildman was sentenced to 21 months in prison three months after he pled guilty to filing false Federal tax returns.[135][133]

In February 1998, AstraZenaca's U.S. affiliate Astra U.S.A. agreed to a $10 million settlement after an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission investigation which started in May 1996 found that sexual harassment against female employees.[136] 120 former female employees of Astra were interviewed during the inquiry, with about 80 of them being identified as able to file claims.[136] Astra U.S.A. also issued a statement of apology for the hostile work environment.[136]

In Astra USA v. Bildman, 914 N.E.2d 36 (Mass. 2009), applying New York's faithless servant doctrine, the court held that a company's employee who had engaged in financial misdeeds and sexual harassment must "forfeit all of his salary and bonuses for the period of disloyalty".[137] The court held that this was the case even if the employee "otherwise performed valuable services", and that the employee was not entitled to recover restitution for the value of those other services.[137][138] The decision attracted a good deal of attention by legal commentators.[139]

CAFÉ study

In 2004, University of Minnesota research participant Dan Markingson took his own life while enrolled in an industry-sponsored pharmaceutical trial comparing three FDA-approved atypical antipsychotics: Seroquel (quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), and Risperdal (risperidone). University of Minnesota Professor of Bioethics Carl Elliott noted that Markingson was enrolled in the study against the wishes of his mother, Mary Weiss, and that he was forced to choose between enrolling in the study or being involuntarily committed to a state mental institution.[140] A 2005 FDA investigation cleared the university. Nonetheless, controversy around the case has continued. A Mother Jones article[140] resulted in a group of university faculty members sending a public letter to the university Board of Regents urging an external investigation into Markingson's death.[141]

Transfer mispricing

In 2010, AstraZeneca agreed to pay £505 million to settle a UK tax dispute related to transfer mispricing.[142]

Conflicting commitments to the UK and the EU

Seat of the European Commission, which negotiated a contract with AstraZeneca

In August 2020 AstraZeneca declared towards the European Commission and the EU member states:

"13.1. AstraZeneca represents, warrants and covenants to the Commission and the Participating Member States that: [...] (e) it is not under any obligation, contractual or otherwise, to any Person or third party in respect of the Initial Europe Doses or that conflicts with or is inconsistent in any material respect with the terms of this Agreement or would impede the complete fulfilment of its obligation under this Agreement;"[143]

However, the UK Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, declared in March 2021 that the United Kingdom had been given "exclusivity" and that the EU's treaty was "inferior".[144][145] After placing the order for AstraZeneca's vaccine, the European Commission mistakenly assumed that it had enough vaccines and initially ordered only 200 million doses from Pfizer–BioNTech when the manufacturers offered 500 million doses to the EU in November 2020.[146]

However, the contract that AstraZeneca reached with the UK was very similar to that it reached with the EU, and it also contained the phrase "best reasonable efforts"; the UK contract was signed on 28 August 2020, a day after the contract with the EU.[147] The key difference seems to be that AstraZeneca entered into a preliminary agreement with the U.K. back in May 2020 which arranged for "the development of a dedicated supply chain for the U.K."[148] The failure to produce the vaccine in the anticipated quantities contributed to the low vaccination rates of vulnerable populations of the European Union at the beginning of the outbreak of more virulent variants of SARS-CoV-2 in early 2021.[149]

China comments

In May 2023, AstraZeneca's China president said that the company aims to be a "patriotic" company in China that "loves the Communist Party."[150]

Chinese Investigation

On 30 October, Astrazeneca revealed that its China President, Leon Wang, was under investigation by Chinese authorities. It is understood he has now been detained.[151] The China business is now being run by Michael Lai, the general manager.[152]

In November 2024, it was announced that Chinese officials have now widened their investigation under a national anti-corruption campaign targeting healthcare. Among the allegations, former Astrazeneca employees are accused of falsifying genetic tests to secure reimbursement for the company’s lung cancer drug, Tagrisso.[153]

Several current and former company executives are also being investigated for potentially breaching data privacy laws and for the suspected illegal importation of certain cancer drugs – likely including Enhertu, Imfinzi and Imjudo – from Hong Kong.[154]

Operations in Russia

Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, AstraZeneca faced criticism for maintaining its operations and continuing certain clinical trials in Russia, despite promising to halt new investments in the country.[155] While several international pharmaceutical companies announced suspensions of new clinical studies in Russia after the conflict began, AstraZeneca moved forward with a study for a new COVID-19 prevention drug, essential for its registration in Russia.[156]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Annual Results 2023" (PDF). AstraZeneca. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  2. ^ "AstraZeneca > GC Powerlist: Sweden Teams 2019". www.legal500.com. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  3. ^ Hollingsworth, Julia; Renton, Adam; Macaya, Melissa; Hayes, Mike (30 December 2020). "UK "will be able to get out of this by the spring", minister says after regulator approves AstraZeneca vaccine". CNN. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  4. ^ Arthur, Rachel (30 December 2020). "AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine gets the green light in the UK". biopharma-reporter.com. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  5. ^ "Registered office and corporate headquarters". AstraZeneca. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  6. ^ "Global 500 – Pharmaceuticals". Fortune. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  7. ^ "Key facts". AstraZeneca. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  8. ^ "Gothenburg - AstraZeneca". www.astrazeneca.com. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  9. ^ "AstraZenceca | Move to Gothenburg". www.movetogothenburg.com. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  10. ^ a b Carroll, John (18 March 2013). "UPDATED: AstraZeneca to ax 1,600, relocate thousands in global R&D reshuffle". fiercebiotech.com. FierceBiotech.
  11. ^ "A history of AstraZeneca". pharmaphorum. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  12. ^ "Largest pharma companies by market cap". companiesmarketcap.com. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  13. ^ "Organizational Portraits – AstraZeneca". The Pharmaceutical Century: Ten Decades of Drug Discovery. Washington, D.C.: ACS Publications. 17 November 2000. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  14. ^ a b "Our History - AstraZeneca Careers". AstraZeneca Careers.
  15. ^ "AstraZeneca Selects Wilmington, Del. for New US Headquarters". Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  16. ^ "AstraZeneca's Iressa FDA committee judgement expected tomorrow". 23 September 2002. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  17. ^ "ZI is dripping with promise". Archived from the original on 11 June 2014.
  18. ^ AstraZeneca buys biotech company for £120m The Telegraph, 23 December 2005
  19. ^ AstraZeneca and Astex ally for anticancer agents Business Intelligence, 1 July 2005
  20. ^ "Pennsylvania Bio – Member Listings". Pennsylvania Bio web site. Archived from the original on 14 December 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2005.
  21. ^ AstraZeneca to buy CAT for £702m BBC News, 15 May 2006
  22. ^ AstraZeneca agrees to buy Arrow Therapeutics for US$150M MarketWatch, 1 February 2007
  23. ^ AstraZeneca seeks a remedy for its patent pain The Telegraph, 21 April 2012
  24. ^ "AstraZeneca to pay $15.2B to purchase rival MedImmune; Deal sees London-based drugmaker take on debt for the first time in order to fill product line". Bloomberg.
  25. ^ AstraZeneca Buys MedImmune for US$ 15.6 Billion The New York Times, 24 April 2007
  26. ^ "AstraZeneca To Acquire Infection Research Company Novexel And Expand Collaboration With Forest Laboratories". 23 December 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  27. ^ "Novexel to be Acquired by AstraZeneca". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  28. ^ AstraZeneca to buy Chinese generics firm Archived 8 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Healthcare News, 8 December 2011
  29. ^ AstraZeneca and Amgen collaborate on treatments for inflammatory diseases Medcity News, 4 February 2012
  30. ^ AstraZeneca Reaches $1.26 Billion Deal for Ardea Biosciences The New York Times, 23 April 2012
  31. ^ Peacock, Louisa (30 June 2012). "AstraZeneca to pay £2.2bn towards 'joint venture' diabetes deal". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  32. ^ a b "Bristol-Myers to buy Amylin for about US$5.3 billion". Reuters. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  33. ^ "AstraZeneca to axe 1,600 jobs in overhaul of drug R&D". Reuters. 18 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  34. ^ "AstraZeneca cuts UK headcount and moves to Cambridge". Times Higher Education. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  35. ^ "AstraZeneca to cut 2,300 more jobs". USA Today. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  36. ^ "AstraZeneca increase job cuts to 5,050". HR Grapevine. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  37. ^ AstraZeneca Press Release. 21 March 2013 AstraZeneca outlines strategy to return to growth and achieve scientific leadership
  38. ^ Sandle, Paul (15 October 2013). "AstraZeneca buys oncology-focused Spirogen for up to $440 million". Reuters.
  39. ^ "AstraZeneca rejects Pfizer 'final' takeover offer, triggers major drop in shares". London Mercury. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  40. ^ "AstraZeneca and MTPC come together for research on diabetic nephropathy drugs". Business Sun. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  41. ^ "GEN - News Highlights:Lilly Joins AstraZeneca to Co-Develop BACE Inhibitor for Alzheimer's". GEN.
  42. ^ "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca Bolsters Oncology Focus with Definiens Purchase, Trial Collaboration". GEN. 4 November 2014.
  43. ^ "GEN - News Highlights:Aegerion Snaps Up Rare Disease Drug from AstraZeneca for US$325M+". GEN. 6 November 2014.
  44. ^ Anna Edney (19 December 2014). "AstraZeneca Wins Approval for Ovarian-Cancer Drug It Had Dropped". Bloomberg.
  45. ^ "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca Buys U.S., Canadian Rights to Actavis Respiratory Drugs for $600M+". GEN. 5 February 2015.
  46. ^ "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca, Orca Launch Up-to-$122.5M Autoimmune Collaboration". GEN. 25 February 2015.
  47. ^ "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca Launches $40M Early-Stage Anti-Infectives R& Unit". GEN.
  48. ^ Sweeney, Kate (16 February 2015). "AstraZeneca underwrites Cambridge-Sweden flights | Business Weekly | Technology News | Business news | Cambridge and the East of England". Business Weekly (UK).
  49. ^ "GEN - News Highlights:For Up-to-$825M, Daiichi Sankyo Joins AstraZeneca in Co-Marketing Movantik". GEN. 19 March 2015.
  50. ^ "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca Inks $1.8B in Immuno-Oncology Deals as Q1 Profit Dips". GEN. 24 April 2015.
  51. ^ "GEN - News Highlights:MedImmune, Juno Team Up to Study Cancer Immunotherapy Combo". GEN. 23 April 2015.
  52. ^ "Eolas and AstraZeneca Agree to Develop Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist for Multiple Indications". GEN. 30 June 2015.
  53. ^ "AstraZeneca Selling Ex-U.S. Entocort Rights to Tillotts Pharma". GEN. 9 July 2015.
  54. ^ "Genzyme to Buy Caprelsa from AstraZeneca for Up to $300M". GEN. 27 July 2015.
  55. ^ "AstraZeneca to Develop Heptares Cancer Candidate in $510M+ Collaboration". GEN. 6 August 2015.
  56. ^ "MedImmune Licenses Inovio Cancer Vaccine for Up to $727.5M - GEN News Highlights - GEN". GEN. 10 August 2015.
  57. ^ "Valeant Licenses Brodalumab from AstraZeneca for Up to $445M". GEN. September 2015.
  58. ^ "AstraZeneca auctions off troubled psoriasis drug to Valeant in $445M deal". Fierce Biotech. September 2015.
  59. ^ "AstraZeneca acquires ZS Pharma in $2.7 billion deal". The New Zealand Herald.
  60. ^ "Takeda to Sell Its Respiratory Portfolio to AstraZeneca". GEN. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  61. ^ "AstraZeneca Takes Majority Stake in Acerta for $4B". GEN. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  62. ^ "The Top 100 Pharmaceutical Companies". BioPortfolio. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  63. ^ Neville, Sarah (29 July 2017). "AstraZeneca chief demands clarity on post-Brexit landscape". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  64. ^ "AstraZeneca has started preparations for hard Brexit, including operations move from UK". The Local Sweden. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  65. ^ Christel, Michael (28 June 2017). "Pharm Exec's Top 50 Companies 2017". Pharmaceutical Executive, Volume 37, Issue 6. Pharm Exec. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  66. ^ "Brexit ger fler Astra Zenecajobb i Sverige". Dagens Nyheter. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  67. ^ Hirschler, Ben (28 February 2018). "AstraZeneca spins off autoimmune drugs into new biotech company". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  68. ^ "SEC Filings". investors.modernatx.com. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  69. ^ Burger, Ludwig; Nussey, Sam; Umekawa, Takashi (29 March 2019). "AstraZeneca pays up to $6.9 billion in Daiichi Sankyo cancer deal". Reuters. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  70. ^ "AstraZeneca Wedel". Abendblatt. 19 October 2019.
  71. ^ "AstraZeneca schließt die Produktion in Wedel - Hamburger Abendblatt" (in German). Abendblatt.de. 21 September 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  72. ^ "AstraZeneca sells acid reflux drug rights to Germany's Cheplapharm". Reuters. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  73. ^ McKee, Selina (24 July 2018). "AstraZeneca sells Atacand rights to Cheplapharm". PharmaTimes. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  74. ^ "AstraZeneca divests global rights to Movantik". worldpharmanews.com. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  75. ^ Hammond, Ed; Kirchfeld, Aaron; Nair, Dinesh (7 June 2020). "A new pharma king? AstraZeneca approaches Gilead about potential merger: report". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  76. ^ "AstraZeneca Approaches Gilead About Potential Merger". www.bloomberg.com. 7 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  77. ^ Ralph, Alex. "Astrazeneca 'drops interest' in Gilead Sciences". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  78. ^ Aripaka, Pushkala (27 July 2020). "AstraZeneca bets up to $6 billion on new Daiichi cancer drug". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020.
  79. ^ "AstraZeneca acquires oral PCSK9 inhibitor programme from Dogma Therapeutics". BioSpace. 18 September 2020.
  80. ^ "Oxford vaccine researchers have found 'winning formula', AstraZeneca chief says". The Independent. 27 December 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  81. ^ "Is good news for India on the vaccine front here?". www.timesnownews.com. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  82. ^ "Covid-19: Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine approved for use in UK". BBC News. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  83. ^ Das, Ruchika Chitravanshi & Sohini (31 December 2020). "India's Covid vaccine hope rolls over to 2021; panel to meet again on Jan 1". Business Standard India. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  84. ^ a b Higgins-Dunn, Noah (21 July 2021). "AstraZeneca closes mega $39B Alexion buyout despite antitrust fears, making a splash in rare diseases". FiercePharma.
  85. ^ "Acquisition of Alexion completed" (Press release). AstraZeneca. 21 July 2021.
  86. ^ Shabong, Yadarisa; Ravikumar, Sachin (29 September 2021). "AstraZeneca buys rare disease drugmaker Caelum in potential $500 mln deal". Reuters.
  87. ^ "AstraZeneca Buys Caelum BioSciences in $500 Million Deal". BioSpace. 29 September 2021.
  88. ^ "AstraZeneca to buy biotech firm TeneoTwo for up to $1.27 billion". Reuters. 5 July 2022.
  89. ^ "AstraZeneca to pay record 660% premium for gene editing company". The Pharma Letter. 3 October 2022.
  90. ^ "Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease to Acquire LogicBio Therapeutics to Accelerate Growth in Genomic Medicine". BioSpace. 3 October 2022.
  91. ^ "AstraZeneca is to acquire Neogene Therapeutics". Biopharma Reporter. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  92. ^ Grover, Natalie (9 January 2023). "AstraZeneca to buy U.S.-based CinCor Pharma in $1.8 bln deal". Reuters.
  93. ^ "AstraZeneca creates digital health unit, with big-name partnerships already in place". BioPharma Dive. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  94. ^ Ray, Siladitya. "AstraZeneca Will Acquire RSV Vaccine Developer Icosavax For $1.1 Billion". Forbes. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  95. ^ Dugar, Urvi Manoj; Santhosh, Christy. "AstraZeneca to buy China's Gracell Biotechnologies in $1.2 billion deal". Reuters. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  96. ^ Schlosser, Kurt (20 February 2024). "AstraZeneca completes $1.1B acquisition of Univ. of Washington biotech spinout Icosavax". GeekWire.
  97. ^ "Acquisition of Gracell completed" (Press release). AstraZeneca. 22 February 2024.
  98. ^ "AstraZeneca to buy Amolyt Pharma for $1.05 bln to boost rare-disease portfolio".
  99. ^ "AstraZeneca bets on new cancer treatments with $2 bln Fusion Pharma purchase".
  100. ^ "NHS watchdog blocks AstraZeneca breast cancer drug". 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  101. ^ a b Ralph, Alex (16 December 2024). "Arm Holdings chief executive to join board of AstraZeneca". www.thetimes.com. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  102. ^ "A comprehensive list of AstraZeneca's subsidiary holdings" (PDF). AstraZeneca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2016.
  103. ^ "AstraZeneca - MedImmune completes acquisition of Definiens". astrazeneca.com. 26 November 2014.
  104. ^ "AstraZeneca - AstraZeneca to acquire Pearl Therapeutics to strengthen respiratory portfolio". astrazeneca.com. 10 June 2013.
  105. ^ "AstraZeneca - AstraZeneca to acquire Omthera Pharmaceuticals including NDA-ready novel dyslipidemia treatment to complement cardiovascular portfolio". astrazeneca.com. 28 May 2013.
  106. ^ "AstraZeneca". European Pharmaceutical Review. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  107. ^ "Nowe inwestycje w B+R w Polsce po spotkaniu Premiera Morawieckiego z Prezesem AstraZeneca podczas Światowego Forum Ekonomicznego w Davos". astrazeneca.pl. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  108. ^ "AstraZeneca's The Discovery Centre / Herzog & de Meuron". ArchDaily. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  109. ^ Smout, Alistair (23 November 2021). "Britain's Prince Charles opens new AstraZeneca research centre". Reuters. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  110. ^ "Cost of AstraZeneca's New HQ Rises to $1.3 Billion, Tripling Original Target". BioSpace. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  111. ^ "Gothenburg launches 'scientist' air link to UK". 21 October 2021. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  112. ^ user (17 February 2015). "New Cambridge-Gothenburg air route opened". Conference News. Retrieved 17 November 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  113. ^ "Thank you for flying AstraZeneca Airways". The Telegraph. 14 February 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  114. ^ Elliot, Chris (2 December 2015). "Cambridge Airport axes charter and scheduled passenger flights". Cambridgeshire Live. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  115. ^ "Direct (non-stop) flights from Cambridge (CBG) - FlightsFrom.com". archive.is. 17 November 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  116. ^ Hirschler, Ben (15 April 2015), "AstraZeneca immune system drug wins orphan status in rare cancer", Reuters, London, retrieved 13 July 2015
  117. ^ AstraZeneca reports top-line result of tremelimumab monotherapy trial in mesothelioma, 29 February 2016
  118. ^ "Executive directors' salaries 2009". Remuneration Report – AstraZeneca Annual Report 2008. AstraZeneca. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
  119. ^ a b AstraZeneca boss David Brennan quits under pressure from investors The Guardian, 26 April 2012
  120. ^ "Astra Zeneca appoints Roches Pascal Soriot as new chief". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  121. ^ "Leadership - Our Company - AstraZeneca". www.astrazeneca.com. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  122. ^ "Current Members". Personalized Medicine Coalition. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  123. ^ a b c d e Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and markets the communist roots of Chinese enterprise. Kunyuan Qiao. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. OCLC 1348572572.
  124. ^ Pharmaceutical Giant AstraZeneca to Pay $520 Million for Off-label Drug Marketing U.S. Department of Justice, 27 April 2010
  125. ^ "Drugmaker settles lawsuits over Seroquel". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved 1 March 2011.[dead link‍]
  126. ^ United States Patent 5,877,192 USPTO Patent Database, 11 April 1997
  127. ^ "High Prices". The New Yorker. 25 October 2004.
  128. ^ Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito SW. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 7th edition, Chapter 12
  129. ^ "Highlights of Prescribing Medicine" (PDF). Food and Drugs Administration.
  130. ^ "Highlights of Prescribing Medicine" (PDF). Food and Drugs Administration.
  131. ^ Grill, Markus; Hansen, Hans (16 August 2007). ""Vorsicht, Pharma! Wie die Industrie Ärzte manipuliert und Patienten täuscht" ('Caution, Pharma! How the industry manipulates physicians and deceives patients')" (in German). Germany: Stern. pp. 100–107. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  132. ^ Astra hauls ex-CEO Lars Bildman into court Business Week, 4 February 1998
  133. ^ a b The Associated Press (27 January 1998). "Ex-Astra Official Pleads Guilty in Tax Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  134. ^ "Astra Boss Hit With $7M Fine for Sex Harassment; Reps Share Memories of Bonkers CEO". CBS News. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  135. ^ "Ex-Astra Executive Is Sentenced To 21-Month Term for Tax Evasion". The Wall Street Journal. 13 April 1998. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  136. ^ a b c Gilpin, Kenneth N. (6 February 1998). "Firm to Pay $10 Million In Settlement Of Sex Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  137. ^ a b Glynn, Timothy P.; Arnow-Richman, Rachel S.; Sullivan, Charles A. (2019). Employment Law: Private Ordering and Its Limitations. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. ISBN 9781543801064 – via Google Books.
  138. ^ Carroll, James R.; Weida, Jason Collins (1 January 2010). "Faithless Servants Beware: Massachusetts Forfeiture Law is More Severe than Astra USA, Inc. v. Bildman Might Suggest". Boston Bar Journal, Winter 2010. SSRN 1775205.
  139. ^ Sullivan, Charles A. (4 March 2011). "Mastering the Faithless Servant? Reconciling Employment Law, Contract Law, and Fiduciary Duty". Seton Hall Public Law Research Paper No. 1777082. SSRN 1777082.
  140. ^ a b Elliott, Carl (1 September 2010). "The deadly corruption of clinical trials".
  141. ^ "U of M Board of Regents Markingson Letter". Scribd. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  142. ^ AstraZeneca agrees to pay £505m to settle UK tax dispute, The Guardian 23 February 2010
  143. ^ "Advance purchase agreement ("APA") for the production, purchase and supply of a COVID-19 vaccine in the European Union" (PDF). European Union. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  144. ^ "We have exclusivity deal with AstraZeneca: UK Health Secy". Daiji World. 25 March 2021.
  145. ^ "CORONAVIRUS: EU contract with AstraZeneca is inferior to UK's, says Matt Hancock". The Times. 25 March 2021.
  146. ^ "The Planning Disaster: Germany and Europe Could Fall Short on Vaccine Supplies". Spiegel. 18 December 2020.
  147. ^ "AstraZeneca's vaccine contract with the UK is based on 'best efforts,' just like its deal with a frustrated EU". CNN. 18 February 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  148. ^ "How the UK gained an edge with AstraZeneca's vaccine commitments". Politico. 22 February 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  149. ^ "How the EU's vaccine rollout moved from farce into tragedy". The Telegraph. 22 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  150. ^ Cash, Joe; Goh, Brenda; Cash, Joe; Goh, Brenda (19 May 2023). "AstraZeneca will seek to "love the Communist Party", its China boss says". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  151. ^ Kollewe, Julia (5 November 2024). "AstraZeneca shares tumble after reports China unit is linked to insurance fraud". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  152. ^ Kollewe, Julia (5 November 2024). "AstraZeneca shares tumble after reports China unit is linked to insurance fraud". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  153. ^ Jones, Jess (10 November 2024). "Astrazeneca: How a fraud investigation crashed a FTSE 100 giant". City AM. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  154. ^ Jones, Jess (10 November 2024). "Astrazeneca: How a fraud investigation crashed a FTSE 100 giant". City AM. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  155. ^ Kansteiner, Fraiser (23 March 2022). "UPDATED: AstraZeneca and Sanofi tweak stances on Russian operations as pharma contends with war in Ukraine | Fierce Pharma". www.fiercepharma.com. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  156. ^ Kollewe, Julia (17 March 2022). "GlaxoSmithKline says it will not start any new clinical trials in Russia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya