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Battle of Mombasa (1589)

Battle of Mombasa (1589)
Part of the Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)

16th century depiction of Mombasa.
DateMarch 5, 1589
Location
East African coast
Result Portuguese victory
Territorial
changes		 Ottomans expelled from the East African coast
Belligerents
Portugal Kingdom of Portugal
Zimba tribe

Ottoman Empire

Commanders and leaders
Portugal Tomé de Sousa Coutinho Mir Ali Beg (POW)
Casualties and losses
Few Heavy

The Battle of Mombasa took place on 5 March 1589, between Portuguese and Zimba forces under the command of Tomé Coutinho against the Ottomans. The Portuguese would reconquer the city and capture Mir Ali Beg.[1]

Background

At the end of the 16th century, Muslims in the east African coast appealed to the governor of Ottoman Yemen, Hasan Pasha, for help. Then, in 1586, forces consisting of a galley and some small boats under the command of Mir Ali Beg arrived in the region. Then, the cities of Mogadishu, Barawa, Lamu and Pemba, together with Mombasa, declared their allegiance to the Ottoman Empire.

In the summer of 1588, Mir Ali Beg set sail from Mocha with a fleet of 5 oarships.[2] However, the Portuguese captain of the east-African coast Mateus Mendes de Vasconcelos, was at Malindi with a small force, and was already well aware of the approach of Mir Ali Beg: a network of spies and informants within the Red Sea itself kept the Portuguese up to date on Turkish movements.[3] Approaching Malindi by night, the flotilla of Mir Ali Beg was bombarded by a Portuguese artillery battery, and so it sailed away to Mombasa.[3]

The Ottomans tried to conquer Pate and Mombasa from the Portuguese in this year, but were defeated four times.[4]

Battle

When the Portuguese Viceroy in Goa learned that Mir Ali Beg was off the coast of East Africa, he handed over a fleet of eighteen ships to the command of his brother, Tomé de Sousa Coutinho to destroy the Ottomans.[5] As the Portuguese fleet approached Barawa, the Ottoman fleet went to Mombasa. On March 5, 1589, Coutinho's fleet closed the entrance to the island, bombarded the city and burnt the Turkish fleet in the port. The Ottoman soldiers in the city were attacked by the Zimba tribe and all of them died.[5] Mir Ali Beg was captured and taken to Lisbon where he would convert to Catholicism and live the rest of his life there.[6][7]

Aftermath

After the battle, the Portuguese sacked Manda for having supported the Ottomans and executed the King of Lamu and several important civilians of Pate and Kilifi, whilst the faithful ruler of Malindi was rewarded for his support.[8]

The withdrawn of the Ottoman governor of Basra in 1596, followed by the loss of Mocha in 1636 and Aden in 1645, marked the end to Ottoman pretensions to Indian Ocean empire.[8]

The Portuguese would remain under control of Mombasa until its conquest by Oman in 1698. However, it would briefly return to Portuguese control by captain Álvaro Caetano (1728–1729).

See also

References

  1. ^ Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2019-01-03). The Oxford Illustrated History of the World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-106720-4.
  2. ^ Danvers, 1894, p.82.
  3. ^ a b Soucek 2008. P.48
  4. ^ Levtzion, Nehemia; Pouwels, Randall L. (2000-03-31). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4461-0.
  5. ^ a b "MOMBASA". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-07-28.
  6. ^ Casale, Giancarlo (2007). "Global Politics in the 1580s: One Canal, Twenty Thousand Cannibals, and an Ottoman Plot to Rule the World". Journal of World History. 18 (3): 267–296. doi:10.1353/jwh.2007.0020. ISSN 1527-8050.
  7. ^ Portuguesa, Filmoteca Ultramarina (1960). Boletim da Filmoteca Ultramarina Portuguesa (in Brazilian Portuguese). A Filmoteca.
  8. ^ a b Alpers, Edward A. (2014). The Indian Ocean in World History. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533787-7.
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