It was approved for use in 2018 in Australia,[8] the European Union[7] and the United States[9] and in 2019 in New Zealand[10] and the United Kingdom;[11] a generic version was approved by the Drugs Controller General of India in 2019.[1] As of 2024,[update] it is recommended as a first-line choice of antiretroviral therapy in several countries, including the European Union,[12] the United Kingdom[13] and the United States.[14]
Medical uses
The combination is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV 1) infection in people weighing at least 14 kilograms (31 lb) without present or past evidence of viral resistance to the integrase inhibitor class, emtricitabine or tenofovir.[6][7]
Side effects
The US FDA prescription label contains a boxed warning about acute exacerbations of hepatitis B.[6]
Adverse drug reactions include, but are not limited to, diarrhea, nausea, and headache.[6]
Combination therapy
Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide is an example of a combination drug that can be taken as a complete regimen for the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus.[6]
Combination therapy for HIV, often called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), is composed of two or more types of antiretroviral drugs. Combination therapy decreases the likelihood that drug resistance will occur, because it is unlikely that the HIV-1 strains will be able to mutate enough to become resistant to all drugs being used in the combination. Combination therapy increases the length of lives of patients with HIV-1, and can greatly reduce the possibility for transmission of the virus.[15]
Components
Bictegravir (BIC) is an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI). Bictegravir is different from other INSTIs because it contains a bridged bicyclic ring and a distinct benzyl tail with a 2,4,6-trifluorobenzyl group. This contributes to an increase in plasma protein binding and a reduction of activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). These changes minimize interactions between drugs, lower clearance, and increase solubility. Bictegravir was found to be less drug resistant than other drugs in the same class.[16]
Emtricitabine (FTC) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that is a synthetic fluoro derivative of thiacytidine. Within the cell, emtricitabine becomes phosphorylated, which forms emtricitabine 5′-triphosphate within the cell. This allows for the drug to compete with the viral and host substrate and ultimately causes a termination of DNA chain elongation.[17] Underlying hepatitis B virus (HBV) can interact with emtricitabine to cause significant liver damage, but it does not have a significant detrimental effect on the liver when given to patients without HBV.[18]
Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a prodrug of tenofovir that functions as a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI). Other prodrugs for tenofovir have been tested, but TAF is more efficient at refining HIV-1 therapy. It converts intracellularly to TFV diphosphate, which is a metabolite in HIV target cells.[19] Thus, TAF has higher active metabolite concentrations and lower plasma TFV than other Tenofovir prodrugs.[20] TAF is metabolized primarily with the kidneys, and has a lower dosage than other prodrugs, so it is less detrimental to the renal elimination system.[19]
Research
Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide has been investigated for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for preventing HIV infection after exposure and has shown positive early results. However, it has not been approved for this use as of 2024.[21][22][23][24]
^ abc"Biktarvy EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2024. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
^Mayer KH, Gelman M, Holmes J, Kraft J, Melbourne K, Mimiaga MJ (May 2022). "Safety and Tolerability of Once Daily Coformulated Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide for Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual Exposure". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 90 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000002912. PMID34991141. S2CID245822499.
