CALCRL

CALCRL
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	3AQF, 3N7P, 3N7R, 3N7S, 4RWF
Identifiers
Aliases	CALCRL, CGRPR, CRLR, calcitonin receptor like receptor, LMPHM8
External IDs	OMIM: 114190; MGI: 1926944; HomoloGene: 21179; GeneCards: CALCRL; OMA:CALCRL - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (human)
End	187,448,460 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (mouse)
End	84,255,755 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	right lung; ; upper lobe of left lung; ; Achilles tendon; ; gallbladder; ; lower lobe of lung; ; right coronary artery; ; left coronary artery; ; smooth muscle tissue; ; subcutaneous adipose tissue; ; popliteal artery;
	Top expressed in
	left lung lobe; ; right lung; ; right lung lobe; ; vas deferens; ; iris; ; atrioventricular valve; ; carotid body; ; genital tubercle; ; endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel; ; semi-lunar valve;
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	G protein-coupled receptor activity; calcitonin receptor activity; signal transducer activity; protein binding; transmembrane signaling receptor activity; adrenomedullin receptor activity; calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor activity; adrenomedullin binding;
Cellular component	integral component of membrane; endosome; membrane; plasma membrane; integral component of plasma membrane; endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome; cytoplasm; adrenomedullin receptor complex; CGRP receptor complex;
Biological process	negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger; receptor internalization; cellular response to sucrose stimulus; heart development; cell surface receptor signaling pathway; angiogenesis; positive regulation of cell population proliferation; protein transport; negative regulation of inflammatory response; calcium ion transport; signal transduction; positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathway; adrenomedullin receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	10203
	54598
	ENSG00000064989
	ENSMUSG00000059588
	Q16602
	Q9R1W5
	NM_001271751; NM_005795; NM_001369434; NM_001369435
	NM_018782
	NP_001258680; NP_005786; NP_001356363; NP_001356364
	NP_061252
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL), also known as the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), is a human protein; it is a receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide.^[5]

Function

The protein encoded by the CALCRL gene is a G protein-coupled receptor related to the calcitonin receptor. CALCRL is linked to one of three single transmembrane domain receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) that are essential for functional activity.

The association of CALCRL with different RAMP proteins produces different receptors:^[6]^[7]

with RAMP1: produces a CGRP receptor
with RAMP2: produces an adrenomedullin (AM) receptor, designated AM₁^[8]
with RAMP3: produces a dual CGRP/AM receptor designated AM₂

These receptors are linked to the G protein G_s,^[9] which activates adenylate cyclase and activation results in the generation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).

CGRP receptors are found throughout the body, suggesting that the protein may modulate a variety of physiological functions in all major systems (e.g., respiratory, endocrine, gastrointestinal, immune, and cardiovascular).^[10]

Wounds

In wounds, CGRP receptors found in nerve cells deactivate the immune system, to prevent collateral damage in case of a clean wound (common case). In very preliminary research, nerve blockers like e.g. lidocaine or botox have been demonstrated to block CGRP cascade, thereby allowing immune system involvement and control of pathogens, resulting in complete control and recovery.^[11]

Structure

CALCRL associated with RAMP1 produces the CGRP receptor which is a trans-membrane protein receptor that is made up of four chains. Two of the four chains contain unique sequences. It is a heterodimer protein composed of two polypeptide chains differing in composition of their amino acid residues. The sequence reveals multiple hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions throughout the four chains in the protein.^[12]

The CGRP family of receptors including CALCRL can couple to G-protein Gαs, Gαi and Gαq subunits to transduce their signals. Furthermore binding of ligands to CALCRL can bias coupling to these G-protein.^[13] Peptide agonist bind to the extracellular loops of CALCRL. This binding in turn causes TM5 (transmembrane helix 5) and TM6 to pivot around TM3 which in turn facilitates Gαs binding.^[14]

Adrenomedullin receptor

Expression

The RNA expression charts show a high level in fetal lung.

Clinical significance

Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists are approved for the treatment of migraine.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000064989 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059588 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Aiyar N, Rand K, Elshourbagy NA, Zeng Z, Adamou JE, Bergsma DJ, Li Y (May 1996). "A cDNA encoding the calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (19): 11325–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.19.11325. PMID 8626685.
^ McLatchie LM, Fraser NJ, Main MJ, Wise A, Brown J, Thompson N, Solari R, Lee MG, Foord SM (May 1998). "RAMPs regulate the transport and ligand specificity of the calcitonin-receptor-like receptor". Nature. 393 (6683): 333–9. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..333M. doi:10.1038/30666. PMID 9620797. S2CID 4364526.
^ Foord SM, Marshall FH (May 1999). "RAMPs: accessory proteins for seven transmembrane domain receptors". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20 (5): 184–7. doi:10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01347-4. PMID 10354609.
^ Kamitani S, Asakawa M, Shimekake Y, Kuwasako K, Nakahara K, Sakata T (April 1999). "The RAMP2/CRLR complex is a functional adrenomedullin receptor in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells". FEBS Lett. 448 (1): 111–4. Bibcode:1999FEBSL.448..111K. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00358-0. PMID 10217420. S2CID 23729715.
^ "Receptor properties". SenseLab Project: Membrane properties resource. Yale University. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
^ Arulmani, U.; et al. (2004). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its role in migraine pathophysiology". Eur J Pharmacol. 500 (1–3): 315–30. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.035. PMID 15464043.
^ "How the germ behind flesh-eating disease hijacks neurons to avoid immune destruction".
^ PDB: 3N7S; ter Haar E, Koth CM, Abdul-Manan N, Swenson L, Coll JT, Lippke JA, Lepre CA, Garcia-Guzman M, Moore JM (September 2010). "Crystal structure of the ectodomain complex of the CGRP receptor, a class-B GPCR, reveals the site of drug antagonism". Structure. 18 (9): 1083–93. doi:10.1016/j.str.2010.05.014. PMID 20826335.
^ Weston C, Winfield I, Harris M, Hodgson R, Shah A, Dowell SJ, Mobarec JC, Woodlock DA, Reynolds CA, Poyner DR, Watkins HA, Ladds G (October 2016). "Receptor Activity-modifying Protein-directed G Protein Signaling Specificity for the Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Family of Receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (42): 21925–21944. doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.751362. PMC 5063977. PMID 27566546.
^ Woolley MJ, Reynolds CA, Simms J, Walker CS, Mobarec JC, Garelja ML, Conner AC, Poyner DR, Hay DL (July 2017). "Receptor activity-modifying protein dependent and independent activation mechanisms in the coupling of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors to Gs". Biochemical Pharmacology. 17: 30482–3. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.005. PMC 5609567. PMID 28705698.

External links

"Calcitonin receptors: CALCRL". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
calcitonin+receptor-like+receptor at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
CALCRL human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.
CALCRL human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000064989 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059588 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid8626685-5] Aiyar N, Rand K, Elshourbagy NA, Zeng Z, Adamou JE, Bergsma DJ, Li Y (May 1996). "A cDNA encoding the calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (19): 11325–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.19.11325. PMID 8626685.

[pmid9620797-6] McLatchie LM, Fraser NJ, Main MJ, Wise A, Brown J, Thompson N, Solari R, Lee MG, Foord SM (May 1998). "RAMPs regulate the transport and ligand specificity of the calcitonin-receptor-like receptor". Nature. 393 (6683): 333–9. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..333M. doi:10.1038/30666. PMID 9620797. S2CID 4364526.

[pmid10354609-7] Foord SM, Marshall FH (May 1999). "RAMPs: accessory proteins for seven transmembrane domain receptors". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20 (5): 184–7. doi:10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01347-4. PMID 10354609.

[pmid10217420-8] Kamitani S, Asakawa M, Shimekake Y, Kuwasako K, Nakahara K, Sakata T (April 1999). "The RAMP2/CRLR complex is a functional adrenomedullin receptor in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells". FEBS Lett. 448 (1): 111–4. Bibcode:1999FEBSL.448..111K. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00358-0. PMID 10217420. S2CID 23729715.

[urlReceptor_properties-9] "Receptor properties". SenseLab Project: Membrane properties resource. Yale University. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2008-09-28.

[pmid15464043-10] Arulmani, U.; et al. (2004). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its role in migraine pathophysiology". Eur J Pharmacol. 500 (1–3): 315–30. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.035. PMID 15464043.

[11] "How the germ behind flesh-eating disease hijacks neurons to avoid immune destruction".

[pmid20826335-12] PDB: 3N7S; ter Haar E, Koth CM, Abdul-Manan N, Swenson L, Coll JT, Lippke JA, Lepre CA, Garcia-Guzman M, Moore JM (September 2010). "Crystal structure of the ectodomain complex of the CGRP receptor, a class-B GPCR, reveals the site of drug antagonism". Structure. 18 (9): 1083–93. doi:10.1016/j.str.2010.05.014. PMID 20826335.

[pmid27566546-13] Weston C, Winfield I, Harris M, Hodgson R, Shah A, Dowell SJ, Mobarec JC, Woodlock DA, Reynolds CA, Poyner DR, Watkins HA, Ladds G (October 2016). "Receptor Activity-modifying Protein-directed G Protein Signaling Specificity for the Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Family of Receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (42): 21925–21944. doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.751362. PMC 5063977. PMID 27566546.

[pmid-14] Woolley MJ, Reynolds CA, Simms J, Walker CS, Mobarec JC, Garelja ML, Conner AC, Poyner DR, Hay DL (July 2017). "Receptor activity-modifying protein dependent and independent activation mechanisms in the coupling of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors to Gs". Biochemical Pharmacology. 17: 30482–3. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.005. PMC 5609567. PMID 28705698.

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