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Cinnamon-throated hermit

Cinnamon-throated hermit
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Phaethornis
Species:
P. nattereri
Binomial name
Phaethornis nattereri
Berlepsch, 1887
Synonyms

See text

The cinnamon-throated hermit (Phaethornis nattereri) is a species in the hummingbird family Trochilidae. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil.[3]

Taxonomy and systematics

The taxonomy of the cinnamon-throated hermit is unsettled. Birds called Maranhao hermit are sometimes treated as a subspecies of the cinnamon-throated hermit, but at present major taxonomic systems follow the analyses by Hinkelmann that determined it is the male plumage of P. nattereri.[4][5][6][3][7][8] However, the "Maranhao" hermit only occurs in the separate northern part of the range of P. nattereri, and as it appears to have different vocalizations from those of the other population it might warrant recognition as a distinct species, P. maranhaoensis. Molecular studies are needed to confirm or deny that assignment.[9] As currently understood, the cinnamon-throated hermit is monotypic.[3]

Description

The cinnamon-throated hermit is about 10 cm (3.9 in) long and weighs 2.3 to 3 g (0.08 to 0.11 oz). Males have brownish upperparts, green wings, and tawny underparts. Their inner pair of tail feathers are long and white tipped. Both sexes have a black "mask" with a pale supercilium and malar stripe. Females are similar to the male but with a paler throat and longer central tail feathers.[10]

Distribution and habitat

The cinnamon-throated hermit is known from two separate areas. One includes eastern Bolivia and the adjacent Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia. The other is in northeastern Brazil, mostly in the states of Maranhão, Piauí, and Ceará, and in Pará and Tocantins as well. It is speculated to also inhabit the broad region between the two known areas. The proposed "Maranhao" hermit is found in the northeastern area. The species inhabits several non-rainforest landscapes including semi-deciduous, secondary, and gallery forests, cerrado, and caatinga. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 500 m (1,600 ft).[10][11]

Behavior

Movement

The cinnamon-throated hermit is believed to be sedentary.[10]

Feeding

The cinnamon-throated hermit is a "trap-line" feeder like other hermit hummingbirds, visiting a circuit of flowering plants for nectar. It also consumes small arthropods.[10]

Breeding

Little is known about the cinnamon-throated hermit's breeding phenology. Its nest is reported to be suspended below a drooping leaf. The ""Maranhao" hermit breeds between November and April.[10][11]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to cinnamon-throated hermit on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The cinnamon-throated hermit's song is "a high-pitched phrase repeated incessantly without pauses between phrases...e.g. 'tsee ... tsee ... tsee ... nya-ka-wee'."[10]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the cinnamon-throated hermit as being of Least Concern, though its population size has not been determined and is believed to be decreasing.[1] It is poorly known though thought to be locally common, and occurs is a few protected areas.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnamon-throated Hermit Phaethornis nattereri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22686982A130116856. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22686982A130116856.en. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  4. ^ Hinkelmann, C. (1988). "Comments on recently described new species of hermit hummingbirds". Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. 108: 159–169.
  5. ^ Hinkelmann, C. (1988). "On the identity of Phaethornis maranhaoensis Grantsau, 1968 (Trochilidae)". Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. 108: 14–18.
  6. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
  7. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
  8. ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved May 27, 2021
  9. ^ Mallet-Rodrigues, Francisco (2006): Táxons de aves de validade questionável com ocorrência no Brasil. III – Trochilidae (I) [Questionable bird taxa with occurrence in Brazil. III – Trochilidae (I)]. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14(4): 475-479 [Portuguese with English abstract]. PDF fulltext
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Hinkelmann, C. and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Cinnamon-throated Hermit (Phaethornis nattereri), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.cither1.01 retrieved November 27, 2021
  11. ^ a b Pereira, Surama; Barbosa, Beatriz Bacelar; Ubaid, Flávio Kulaif (2020). "Description of the nest, eggs and nestling development of Maranhão Hermit Phaethornis maranhaoensis". Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. 140 (4): 456-462. doi:10.25226/bboc.v140i4.2020.a8.
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