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Comfort

For other uses, see Comfort (disambiguation).
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Comfortable (song), Uncomfortable (song), Uncomfortable (album), and Sleeved blanket.
A comfortable dog

Comfort (or being comfortable) is a sense of physical or psychological ease, often characterised as a lack of hardship. Persons who are lacking in comfort are uncomfortable, or experiencing discomfort. A degree of psychological comfort can be achieved by recreating experiences that are associated with pleasant memories, such as engaging in familiar activities,[1][2] maintaining the presence of familiar objects,[1] and consumption of comfort foods. Comfort is a particular concern in health care, as providing comfort to the sick and injured is one goal of healthcare, and can facilitate recovery.[3] Persons who are surrounded with things that provide psychological comfort may be described as being "in their comfort zone". Because of the personal nature of positive associations, psychological comfort is highly subjective.[3]

The use of "comfort" as a verb generally implies that the subject is in a state of pain, suffering or affliction, and requires alleviation from that state. Where the term is used to describe the support given to someone who has experienced a tragedy, the word is synonymous with consolation or solace. However, comfort is used much more broadly, as one can provide physical comfort to someone who is not in a position to be uncomfortable. For example, a person might sit in a chair without discomfort, but still find the addition of a pillow to the chair to increase their feeling of comfort. Something that provides this type of comfort, which does not seek to relieve hardship, can also be referred to as being "comfy".

Concepts

Rama comforts Sita

There are various psychological studies about the feeling of comfort, and they have resulted in a few conclusions. The idea of comfort varies among each person; however, there are a few universal themes of comfort that apply to everyone. Most of these universal themes falls under the physical comfort such as contact comfort, comfort food, and thermal comfort.

Contact comfort

Contact comfort is satisfaction with someone's touch, like a parent's embrace. This is essential to a child's development.

Harry Harlow study

Main article: Harry Harlow § Monkey studies

One of the most famous developmental psychological studies is Harry Harlow's development experiment with monkeys. He separated baby monkeys at birth and raised them with surrogate mothers. There were two types of surrogate mothers: a metal wire one, and one covered with cloth. Each was equipped with a nozzle from which the baby monkeys could "breast" feed. The surrogate mother covered in cloth represented comfort. At the end of the experiment, the psychologist saw that the monkeys would choose the cloth surrogate over the wire surrogate. They concluded that having basic needs is essential, but there is the need for closeness and affection.[4]

This experiment justified that importance of comfort and warmth for child development. All the monkeys that grew up from the experiment expressed a behavior of aggression and atypical sexual behaviors.[4]

Comfort food

Comfort foods are foods intentionally consumed to move the eater into a pleasurable state. This could be credited to food preferences and childhood experiences (like a parent's cooking).

Physiological responses

Comfort food is usually chosen because of previous experiences of happiness linked with it. For example, chocolate is held as a popular comfort food as it is followed by the pleasurable sweetness and the positive association with gifts/rewards.[5]

The time of day also play a role in consuming comfort foods. Most people tend to eat simply because "it's lunch time" and only 20% of the time is due to actual hunger.[6]

Popular comfort foods[7]
Favorite
comfort
foods 		Percent mentioning
item as their
favorite comfort food
Snack-
related
foods 		Potato chips 23
Ice cream 14
Cookies 12
Candy/chocolate 11
Meal-
related
foods 		Pasta or pizza 11
Steak or beef burgers 9
Casseroles or side dishes 9
Vegetables or salads 7
Soup 4

Food preferences

Food preferences split into two categories: snack-related and meal-related. If a child was exposed to many snacks growing up, they may focus on more snack-related comfort foods later on in life.[8]

Food preference ranges through male/female, and younger/older. Females and the young demographic prefer snack-related comfort foods, while the male and older demographic prefer meal-related comfort foods.[8]

Thermal comfort

Main article: Thermal comfort
Comfort level average on the temperature

Thermal comfort is a satisfaction of the ambient air temperature and humidity. Psychologists devised a study to determine the most comfortable temperature. The study had people answering a survey as the temperature changed around them. From the surveys, psychologist found many people had no opinion of a range of temperature. This was labeled temperature neutrality, which is the rate that the person's metabolism is shifting the same rate as the surrounding temperature. The average comfortable temperature is 30 °C (86 °F). Temperatures too hot (35 °C (95 °F) and above) and temperatures too low (12 °C (54 °F) and below) are considered uncomfortable to many people.[9]

Thermal neutrality

Thermal neutrality (thermal neutral zone) is the temperature range where it is neither comfortable nor uncomfortable. The human body's metabolism is burning calories at the same rate as the temperature around. This would be around 24 °C (75 °F) (room temperature), and people have no opinion about the temperature.[9] Thermal neutrality is often also used in animal raising. For example, farmers maintain the neutral temperature for cattle to prevent cold stress.[10]

Everyday uses

  • Floor surface temperature - too hot or too cold floors cause discomfort, and people may wear light shoes or have heated floors.[9]
  • Ventilation - no proper air flow throughout a room causes the room to be too hot. Windows and fans allow a human-made air current, and air conditioning helps with the heat.[11]

Clothing comfort

A baby wearing many items of winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, scarf and sweater

Comfort is related to various perceptions, physiological, social, and psychological needs, and after food, clothing is one of the significant objects that suffices for comfort requirements. Clothing provides aesthetic, tactile, thermal, moisture, and pressure comfort.[12]

  • Aesthetic comfort: visual perception is influenced by color, fabric construction, style, garment fit, fashion compatibility, and finish of clothing material. Aesthetic comfort is necessary for psychological and social comfort.[13][14][15]
  • Thermoregulation in humans and thermophysiological comfort: thermophysiological comfort is the capacity of the clothing material that makes the balance of moisture and heat between the body and the environment. It is a property of textile materials that creates ease by maintaining moisture and thermal levels in a human's resting and active states. The selection of textile material significantly affects the comfort of the wearer. Different textile fibers have unique properties that make them suitable for use in various environments. Natural fibers are breathable and absorb moisture, and synthetic fibers are hydrophobic; they repel moisture and do not allow air to pass. Different environments demand a diverse selection of clothing materials. Hence, the appropriate choice is important.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The major determinants that influence thermophysiological comfort are permeable construction, heat, and moisture transfer rate.[23]
    • Thermal comfort: one primary criterion for our physiological needs is thermal comfort. The heat dissipation effectiveness of clothing gives the wearer a "neither too cold nor too hot" feel. Around 30 °C (86 °F), the human body is at ease. Clothing maintains a thermal balance; it keeps the skin dry and cool. It helps to keep the body from overheating while avoiding heat from the environment.[24][25]
    • Moisture comfort: moisture comfort is the prevention of a damp sensation.
  • Tactile comfort: tactile comfort is a resistance to the discomfort related to the friction created by clothing against the body. It is related to the smoothness, roughness, softness, and stiffness of the fabric used in clothing. The degree of tactile discomfort may vary between individuals. It is possible due to various factors, including allergies, tickling, prickling, skin abrasion, coolness, and the fabric's weight, structure, and thickness. There are specific surface finishes (mechanical and chemical) that can enhance tactile comfort. Fleece sweatshirts and velvet clothing, for example, may be comforting to some people. Soft, clingy, stiff, heavy, light, hard, sticky, scratchy, prickly are all terms used to describe tactile sensations.[26][27][28][29]
  • Pressure comfort: the comfort of the human body's pressure receptors' (present in the skin) sensory response towards clothing. Fabric with lycra may feel more comfortable because of this response and superior pressure comfort. The sensation response is influenced by the material's structure: snugging, looseness, heavy, light, soft, or stiff structuring.[30][31]

Other types of comfort

Human comfort can also be categorized by areas such visual comfort, acoustic comfort, and respiratory comfort.[32]

Visual comfort is defined as "the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the visual environment."[33] This type of comfort can be achieved when an individual has a sufficient amount of light to perform an activity or task. It is possible for both low and high levels of light to create discomfort.

Acoustic comfort is a state of being where noise levels are not harming or interfering with the activities of individuals in some area.

Respiratory comfort is achieved in an environment where the air breathed is of sufficiently high quality. In indoor spaces this type of comfort can be predicted by the indoor air quality (IAQ).[34] IAQ is dependent on the quantity of pollutants in the air, the ventilation rate, and the turnover rate of pollutants. In outdoor spaces respiratory comfort can be associated with the air quality index.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Daniel Miller, The Comfort of Things (2009).
  2. ^ Abbott, Ernest Hamlin; Abbott, Lyman; Bellamy, Francis Rufus; Mabie, Hamilton Wright (1919). The Outlook.
  3. ^ a b Katharine Kolcaba, Comfort Theory and Practice: A Vision for Holistic Health Care and Research (2003). ISBN 9780826116338.
  4. ^ a b Schultheis, Erin (May 1999). "Harry F. Harlow (1906 - 1981)". Muskingum University. Archived from the original on 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  5. ^ Barthel, Diane (August 1989). "Modernism and Marketing: The Chocolate Box Revisited". Theory, Culture & Society. 6 (3): 429–438. doi:10.1177/026327689006003004. S2CID 144486806.
  6. ^ Tuomisto, T; Tuomisto, MT; Hetherington, M; Lappalainen, R (1998-04-01). "Reasons for Initiation and Cessation of Eating in Obese Men and Women and the Affective Consequences of Eating in Everyday Situations". Appetite. 30 (2): 211–222. doi:10.1006/appe.1997.0142. PMID 9573454. S2CID 25632151.
  7. ^ Wansink, Brian; Cheney, Matthew M.; Chan, Nina (2003-08-27). "Exploring comfort food preferences across age and gender". Physiology & Behavior. 79 (4–5): 739–747. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00203-8. PMID 12954417. S2CID 14248350.
  8. ^ a b Wansink, Brian; Cheney, Matthew M.; Chan, Nina (2003-09-01). "Exploring comfort food preferences across age and gender". Physiology & Behavior. 79 (4–5): 739–747. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00203-8. PMID 12954417. S2CID 14248350.
  9. ^ a b c Gagge, A. P.; Stolwijk, J. A. J.; Hardy, J. D. (1967-06-01). "Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures". Environmental Research. 1 (1): 1–20. Bibcode:1967ER......1....1G. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(67)90002-3. PMID 5614624.
  10. ^ "Explain the concepts of thermoneutral zone, lower critical temperature, and upper critical temperature, and how they relate to metabolic rate - eXtension". articles.extension.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  11. ^ "Ventilation". Department of Energy. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  12. ^ Song, Guowen (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-85709-064-5.
  13. ^ Song, Guowen (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Woodhead Publishing. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-85709-064-5.
  14. ^ "Aesthetic Comfort - an overview". ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  15. ^ Lyle, Dorothy Siegert (1982). Modern textiles. Internet Archive. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-471-07805-0.
  16. ^ Cubrić, Ivana Salopek; Skenderi, Zenun (March 2013). "Evaluating thermophysiological comfort using the principles of sensory analysis". Collegium Antropologicum. 37 (1): 57–64. ISSN 0350-6134. PMID 23697251.
  17. ^ Song, Guowen (2011-01-20). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Elsevier. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-85709-064-5.
  18. ^ Stevens, Katy (2008). Thermophysiological comfort and water resistant protection in soft shell protective garments. University of Leeds (School of Design).
  19. ^ Textile Trends. Eastland Publications. 2001. p. 16.
  20. ^ Pre-print of Conference Proceedings: Textile Institute 1988 Annual World Conference, Sydney, Australia, 10-13 July. Textile Institute. 1988. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-870812-08-5.
  21. ^ Ruckman, J.E.; Murray, R.; Choi, H.S. (1999-01-01). "Engineering of clothing systems for improved thermophysiological comfort: The effect of openings". International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. 11 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1108/09556229910258098. ISSN 0955-6222.
  22. ^ Varshney, R. K.; Kothari, V. K.; Dhamija, S. (2010-05-17). "A study on thermophysiological comfort properties of fabrics in relation to constituent fibre fineness and cross-sectional shapes". The Journal of the Textile Institute. 101 (6): 495–505. doi:10.1080/00405000802542184. ISSN 0040-5000. S2CID 135786524.
  23. ^ Collier, Billie J. (2000). Understanding textiles. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall. p. 539. ISBN 978-0-13-021951-0.
  24. ^ Gagge, A. P.; Stolwijk, J. A. J.; Hardy, J. D. (1967-06-01). "Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures". Environmental Research. 1 (1): 1–20. Bibcode:1967ER......1....1G. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(67)90002-3. PMID 5614624.
  25. ^ Song, Guowen (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 149, 166. ISBN 978-0-85709-064-5.
  26. ^ Au, K.F. (2011). Advances in Knitting Technology. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-372-5.
  27. ^ Song, Guowen (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 167, 192, 208. ISBN 978-0-85709-064-5.
  28. ^ Song, Guowen (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 223, 235, 237, 427. ISBN 978-0-85709-064-5.
  29. ^ Das, A.; Alagirusamy, R. (2011-01-01). "Improving tactile comfort in fabrics and clothing". Improving Comfort in Clothing. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: 216–244. doi:10.1533/9780857090645.2.216. ISBN 978-1-84569-539-2.
  30. ^ Song, Guowen (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 235, 432. ISBN 978-0-85709-064-5.
  31. ^ "Pressure Comfort - an overview". ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  32. ^ Song, Ying; Mao, Fubing; Liu, Qing (2019). "Human Comfort in Indoor Environment: A Review on Assessment Criteria, Data Collection and Data Analysis Methods". IEEE Access. 7: 119774–119786. Bibcode:2019IEEEA...7k9774S. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2937320. hdl:10356/137876. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  33. ^ Steemers, Koen (1994-08-01). "Daylighting design: Enhancing energy efficiency and visual quality". Renewable Energy. Climate change Energy and the environment. 5 (5–8): 950–958. Bibcode:1994REne....5..950S. doi:10.1016/0960-1481(94)90116-3. ISSN 0960-1481.
  34. ^ Jones, A. P. (1999-12-01). "Indoor air quality and health". Atmospheric Environment. 33 (28): 4535–4564. Bibcode:1999AtmEn..33.4535J. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00272-1. ISSN 1352-2310.
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