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Denmark–Netherlands relations

Danish-Dutch relations
Map indicating locations of Denmark and Netherlands

Denmark
Netherlands
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Denmark, CopenhagenEmbassy of the Netherlands, The Hague

Denmark–Netherlands relations are the bilateral relations between Denmark and the Netherlands. The Netherlands has an embassy in Copenhagen and Denmark has an embassy in The Hague.[1][2] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the European Union and NATO. Princess Beatrix is a Dame of the Order of the Elephant since 29 October 1975.[3] On 31 January 1998, King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands also received the Order of the Elephant.[4]

Diplomatic relations were established on 31 March 1605.[5]

History

1853 painting by Julius Exner showing a family of Dutch descent at Amager.

In 1521, king Christian II of Denmark invited 184 Dutch farmers to settle on the island of Amager in exchange for supplying the Palace of Copenhagen with vegetables. The Dutch immigrants were exempt from Danish taxation and were given privileges such as being allowed to hunt most wild animals and having their own judicial system until 1823. Several names in the area and some surnames in Denmark give away the Dutch influences.[6]

The first diplomatic ties between Denmark and the Netherlands were established 31 March 1605 when Isaac Pieterszoon van Amsterdam was appointed 'commissioner of the Sound', to ensure that Dutch trade ships would return to the Netherlands. 20 years before this, in 1584, Bartholomeüs Buijs was appointed as 'agent for Holland'.[5]

War against the Netherlands 1542–1543

In 1542, war broke out between France and the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire supported Frederick II, Elector Palatine for the Danish crown, and Denmark participated in the war on the side of France. A year later, Denmark declared war on the Netherlands, at that time under Charles's rule. On 23 May 1544 the Treaty of Speyer was signed between Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire.

Torstenson War

Main article: Torstenson War

The Torstenson War was a short period of conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway which occurred in 1643 to 1645 during the waning days of the Thirty Years' War. The Dutch Empire were allies with Sweden.[7][8][9][10][11]

When the Torstenson War ended in 1645, Denmark and the Dutch Empire signed a treaty, which made Denmark and Netherlands allies.[12]

Second Northern War

Main articles: Second Northern War and History of Denmark

In 1657, during the Second Northern War, Denmark launched a war of revenge against Sweden which turned into a complete disaster. The war became a disaster for two reasons: Primarily, because Denmark's new powerful ally, the Netherlands, remained neutral as Denmark was the aggressor and Sweden the defender. Secondly, the Belts froze over in a rare occurrence during the winter of 1657–1658, allowing Charles X Gustav of Sweden to lead his armies across the ice to invade Zealand. In the Treaty of Roskilde, Denmark-Norway capitulated and in panic gave up all of Eastern Denmark in addition to the counties of Bahusia and Trøndelag in Norway. Holstein-Gottorp was also tied to Sweden, providing a gateway for future invasions from the south. But the Second Northern War was not yet over. Three months after the peace treaty was signed, Charles X Gustav of Sweden held a council of war where he decided to simply wipe Denmark from the map and unite all of Scandinavia under his rule. Once again the Swedish army arrived outside Copenhagen. However, this time the Danes did not panic nor surrender, instead they decided to fight and prepared to defend Copenhagen. Frederick III of Denmark had stayed in his capital and now encouraged the citizens of Copenhagen to resist the Swedes, by saying he would die in his nest. Furthermore, this unprovoked declaration of war by Sweden finally triggered the alliance that Denmark-Norway had with the Netherlands. A powerful Dutch fleet was sent to Copenhagen with vital supplies and reinforcements, which saved the city from being captured during the Swedish attack,[13] and possible saved Denmark from extinction.[14] Furthermore, Brandenburg-Prussia, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Habsburg monarchy had gathered large forces to aid Denmark-Norway and fighting continued into 1659. Charles X Gustav of Sweden suddenly died of an illness in early 1660, while planning an invasion of Norway. Following his death, Sweden made peace in the Treaty of Copenhagen, returning only Trøndelag to Norway and Bornholm to Denmark, but keeping both Bahusia and Terra Scania, mainly because the Netherlands and other European powers didn't want both sides of the Sound controlled by the Danish King again. Thus establishing the boundaries between Norway, Denmark, and Sweden that still exist today.[15]

Second Anglo-Dutch War

Main article: Second Anglo-Dutch War
Contemporary engraving of the conclusion of the peace at Breda Castle.

In the Second Anglo-Dutch War, Denmark participated side by side with the Dutch Empire against the Kingdom of England, from 4 March 1665 until 31 July 1667. The war ended in a Dutch victory, and the Treaty of Breda was signed.[16][17]

Third Anglo-Dutch War

Main article: Third Anglo-Dutch War

The Third Anglo–Dutch War was a military conflict between England and the Dutch Republic lasting from 1672 to 1674. Denmark was allied with the Dutch Republic. It was part of the larger Franco-Dutch War. England's Royal Navy joined France in its attack on the Republic, but was frustrated in its attempts to blockade the Dutch coast by four strategic victories by Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter. An attempt to make the province of Holland an English protectorate rump state likewise failed. Parliament, fearful that the alliance with France was part of a plot to make England Roman Catholic, forced the king to abandon the costly and fruitless war.[18]

Scanian War

Main article: Scanian War

The Scanian War (1675–1679) was a part of the Northern Wars involving the union of Denmark-Norway, Brandenburg and Swedish Empire. The war was prompted by the Swedish involvement in the Franco-Dutch War. Sweden had allied with France against several European countries. The Dutch Republic, under attack by France, sought support from Denmark-Norway. After some hesitation, King Christian V started the invasion of the Scania (Skåneland) in 1675, while the Swedish were occupied with a war against Brandenburg. The invasion of Scania was combined with a simultaneous Norwegian front called the Gyldenløve War, forcing the defending Swedes to fight a two-front war in addition to their entanglements in the Holy Roman Empire. The Danish objective was to retrieve the Scanian lands that had been ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde, after the Northern Wars. Although the Danish offensive was initially a great success, Swedish counter-offensives led by the 19-year-old Charles XI of Sweden nullified much of the gain.

It was a war with no definite victor; the Swedish navy lost at sea, the Danish army was defeated in Scania by the Swedes, who in turn were defeated in Northern Germany by the Brandenburgers. The war and the hostilities ended when Denmark's ally the Dutch Republic settled with Sweden's stronger ally France and the Swedish king Charles XI married Danish princess Ulrike Eleonora, sister of Christian V. Peace was made on behalf of France with the treaties of Fontainebleau and Lund and Saint Germain, restoring most of the lost territories to Sweden.[19]

1900s

In the 1900s, many agreements were signed between both countries.[20][21][22][23][24][25]

World War II

Both Denmark and the Netherlands were invaded by Nazi Germany, Denmark on 9 April 1940, and the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. After the German attack on Denmark, when the Germans used large numbers of airborne troops, the Dutch command became worried about the possibility they too could become the victim of such a strategic assault. To repulse an attack, five infantry battalions were positioned at the main ports and airbases, such as The Hague airfield of Ypenburg and the Rotterdam airfield of Waalhaven.[26] These were reinforced by additional AA-guns, two tankettes and twelve of the 24 operational armoured cars.[27] These specially directed measures were accompanied by more general ones: the Dutch had posted no less than 32 hospital ships throughout the country and fifteen trains to help make troop movements easier.

International conflicts

Main articles: War in Afghanistan (2001–present), Iraq War, and Gaza War (2008-09)

Denmark had about 700 soldiers, and the Netherlands had 1,400 soldiers in Afghanistan.[28][29] Both Denmark and the Netherlands sent troops to Iraq, as part of the Multi-National Force, in 2003.[30] After the Gaza War, on 18 January 2009, both the Danish and the Dutch ministers of foreign affairs contributed to control the border between Egypt and Gaza.[31]

Trade

Since the Middle Ages, the trade between Denmark and the Netherlands with cattle was a great contributor to the economies of Denmark and the Netherlands. This trade peaked in the middle of the 17th century.[32] In 2000, more than 65,000 dairy calves were exported to the Netherlands.[33]

As of 2014 export from Denmark to the Netherlands amounted to €3.4 billion, while exports to Denmark from the Netherlands amounted to €5.5 billion.[34][35] The Netherlands are Denmark's third largest import partner at 8% of imports, and its sixth largest export partner at 4.4% (2014).[36]

Business deals

Defense

Both countries are members of NATO. In August 2010, the Royal Dutch Army sent HNLMS Zierikzee for a NATO naval task force exercise in Denmark.[46]

Embassies

The Embassy of Denmark is located in The Hague, the Netherlands. The Embassy of the Netherlands is located in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Culture

The Netherlands and Denmark possess a few striking cultural similarities. Both countries celebrate copper wedding anniversaries, which are commemorated at the 121⁄2-year mark; an anniversary not common elsewhere in the world. In addition, cycling features prominently in Denmark as it does in the Netherlands with both countries having well-developed infrastructure to support the activity.

Finally, the Dutch and the Danes are famous for their directness and assertive communication.

See also

References

  1. ^ Danish embassy in The Hague Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Dutch embassy in Copenhagen". Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
  3. ^ Order of the Elephant Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish)
  4. ^ Order of the Elephant Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish)
  5. ^ a b "Vierhonderd jaar betrekkingen met Denemarken". Nationaal Archief. 2005-03-31. Archived from the original on 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  6. ^ Paludan, Hans Aage (1925). "Een Hollandsche kolonie in Denemarken" (PDF) (in Dutch). Vol. 69. Elsevier. pp. 238–244. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  7. ^ History of the Norwegian People, by Knut Gjerset, The MacMillan Company, 1915, Volume II
  8. ^ Nordens Historie, ved Hiels Bache, Forslagsbureauet i Kjøbenhavn, 1884.
  9. ^ Andrina Stiles; Hodder & Stoughton (1992). Sweden and the Baltic, 1523 - 1721. ISBN 0-340-54644-1.
  10. ^ The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic: 1600-1725, by Jill Lisk; Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1967
  11. ^ I. Frost, Robert (2000). The Northern Wars', 1558-172. ISBN 0-582-06429-5.
  12. ^ Farrar McDermott, Hugh (1855). Letters on the Sound-dues-question: I-VII. p. 37. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  13. ^ Birger Storgaard, Cosmopolitan aristocrats, pp. 106-125 in: The Spoils of Victory - The North in the shadow of the Roman Empire, Nationalmuseet, 2003. ISBN 87-7602-006-1.
  14. ^ Glete, Jan (2010). Swedish Naval Administration, 1521-1721 Resource Flows and Organisational Capabilities (Hardcover ed.). Brill. p. 237. ISBN 9789004179165.
  15. ^ Birger Storgaard, Cosmopolitan aristocrats, pp. 106-125 in: The Spoils of Victory - The North in the shadow of the Roman Empire, Nationalmuseet, 2003. ISBN 87-7602-006-1.
  16. ^ Michiel de Ruyter, archived from the original on 2007-05-17
  17. ^ Rodger, N.A.M. (2004) The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649 —1815, Penguin Group, p. 65
  18. ^ Boxer, C. R. (1969). "Some Second Thoughts on the Third Anglo–Dutch War, 1672–1674". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fifth Series. 19: 67–94. doi:10.2307/3678740. JSTOR 3678740.
  19. ^ Krig#soeg The Scanian War 1675-79. Educational site for high schools
  20. ^ Provisional Convention concerning Aerial Navigation
  21. ^ Convention regarding the reciprocal Application of the Accident Insurance Laws of the two Countries
  22. ^ Agreement concerning the Telephone Service between Denmark and the Netherlands through the Lines established in German Territory
  23. ^ Tariff Convention
  24. ^ Agreement for the reciprocal Exemption from Income Tax of certain Profits accruing from the Business of Shipping
  25. ^ Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement regarding the Reciprocal Exemption from Income Tax of Certain Profits arising from the Operation of Aerial Navigation
  26. ^ Amersfoort (2005), p. 101
  27. ^ "Amersfoort 2005, p. 188"
  28. ^ Danish troops die in Afghanistan
  29. ^ Dutch military mission to Afghanistan ends
  30. ^ Dutch military mission to Iraq
  31. ^ "Denmark and the Netherlands Offer Police Personnel to Gaza". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  32. ^ Karen Brown; Daniel Gilfoyle (2010). Healing the Herds: Disease, Livestock Economies, and the Globalization of . United States: Ohio University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8214-1884-0. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
  33. ^ Cattles to Holland
  34. ^ "Internationale handel; in- en uitvoer volgens SITC-indeling naar landen". CBS.
  35. ^ "Internationale handel; in- en uitvoer volgens SITC-indeling naar landen". CBS.
  36. ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. 2014. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015.
  37. ^ "Vestas receives order for 10 V90-3.0 MW turbines in Aruba, the Netherlands Antilles" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  38. ^ "APM Terminals Rotterdam". Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  39. ^ "Groen licht voor 300 km lange 'groene' zeekabel tussen Nederland en Denemarken". 2014-09-10.
  40. ^ "Cable to the Netherlands - COBRAcable". energinet.dk. 2015-06-10. Archived from the original on 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  41. ^ "Quantum link between QDev in Denmark and QuTech in Holland". QDev. 2015-03-17.
  42. ^ "Delft and Copenhagen join forces to create quantum computer". 2015-03-17. Archived from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  43. ^ "Oostbrug over de Grote Belt, Denemarken" (PDF). BAM Civiel b.v.
  44. ^ "BAM oriënteert zich met BAM Danmark op Deense utiliteitsbouwmarkt". Royal BAM Group. 2014-04-04.
  45. ^ "BAM opnieuw succesvol in Denemarken". BAM Denmark A/S. 2015-01-20.
  46. ^ "Exercise in Denmark starting signal for NATO naval task force". Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
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