Feminist empiricism

Feminist empiricism is a perspective within feminist research that combines the objectives and observations of feminism with the research methods and empiricism.^[1] Feminist empiricism is typically connected to mainstream notions of positivism. Feminist empiricism critiques what it perceives to be inadequacies and biases within mainstream research methods, including positivism.^[1]

Feminist empiricism is one of three main feminist epistemological perspectives. The other two are standpoint feminism and post-structural/postmodern feminism.^[2]

Example

In international relations rationalist feminism^{[clarification needed]} employs feminist empiricism to explain the political landscape. Rationalist feminism examines state, transnational and institutional actors, and specifically looks at causal relationships between these actors and gender issues. Quantitative data is used to relate gender to these phenomena. This may be done by directly correlating gender data to specific state behaviors, or indirectly by examining a "gender gap" through indirect causal relationships.^[2] Popular perspectives linked to rationalist feminism within international relations include conventional constructivism and quantitative peace research.^[2]

Epistemological Perspectives

Standpoint feminism

Among other criticisms, standpoint feminism or also known anti-rational, argues that feminist empiricism cannot explain the way the political world works because the foundations on which it is built are based on the same gendered assumptions that all mainstream scientific inquiries face.^[1] Feminist empiricism argues that, because of its epistemological outlook, it can tackle this inherent gender bias within scientific inquiry.^[3]

Post-modern feminism

Post-structural/post-modern feminist epistemology is entirely discursive, seeking to develop understanding through social analysis; to interpret rather than explain feminist theories in the political world.

Feminist empiricism is more likely to favor qualitative data. Objective measurements are seen as important to eliminating the gender bias that exists.^[4] Post-structuralism is inherently opposed to the idea of an objective truth in the social sciences. The belief is that those who study within the human sciences are ensnared by the same structures that affect the society in which they study.^[5] Post-structural feminism critiques the belief that any viewpoint is impartial; knowledge is not found but constructed.^[4] A specific result of this disagreement is the way in which the two theories view gender: feminist empiricism claims that gender variables are based on biological sex, while post-structural/post-modern feminism sees gender as a socially constituted entity.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Campbell, R (1994). "The Virtues of Feminist Empiricism". Hypatia. 9 (1): 90–115. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1994.tb00111.x. JSTOR 3810438. S2CID 145501048.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hansen, L. (17 July 2014). "Ontologies, Epistemologies, Methodologies". In Shepherd, Laura J. (ed.). Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-134-75252-2.}}
^ Caprioli, M (2004). "Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis". International Studies Review. 6 (2): 254. doi:10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00398.x. JSTOR 3699593.
^ ^a ^b Hawkesworth, M. E. (2006). "Grappling with Claims of Truth". In Hawkesworth, M. E. (ed.). Feminist Inquiry: From Political Conviction to Methodological Innovation. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3705-4.}}
^ Buckler, S. (2010). Normative Theory. In D. Marsh, & G. Stoker (Eds.), Theory and Methods in Political Science (p. 170). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

[Campbell_1994_90-1] Campbell, R (1994). "The Virtues of Feminist Empiricism". Hypatia. 9 (1): 90–115. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1994.tb00111.x. JSTOR 3810438. S2CID 145501048.

[Hansen_2010_25-2] Hansen, L. (17 July 2014). "Ontologies, Epistemologies, Methodologies". In Shepherd, Laura J. (ed.). Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-134-75252-2.}}

[Caprioli_2004_254-3] Caprioli, M (2004). "Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis". International Studies Review. 6 (2): 254. doi:10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00398.x. JSTOR 3699593.

[Hawkesworth_2006_57-4] Hawkesworth, M. E. (2006). "Grappling with Claims of Truth". In Hawkesworth, M. E. (ed.). Feminist Inquiry: From Political Conviction to Methodological Innovation. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3705-4.}}

[Buckler_2010_170-5] Buckler, S. (2010). Normative Theory. In D. Marsh, & G. Stoker (Eds.), Theory and Methods in Political Science (p. 170). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

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