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Glenelg, South Australia

For other uses, see Glenelg (disambiguation).

Glenelg
Adelaide, South Australia
Glenelg Beach in summer
Glenelg is located in South Australia
Glenelg
Glenelg
Coordinates34°58′56″S 138°30′49″E / 34.982244°S 138.513633°E / -34.982244; 138.513633[1]
Population3,440 (SAL 2021)[2]
Established1836
Postcode(s)5045
Area0.88 km2 (0.3 sq mi)[citation needed]
Location
LGA(s)City of Holdfast Bay
State electorate(s)Morphett
Federal division(s)Boothby
Suburbs around Glenelg:
Glenelg North Glenelg North
Gulf St Vincent Glenelg Glenelg East
Glenelg South Glenelg East
FootnotesAdjoining suburbs [1]

Glenelg is a beach-side suburb of the South Australian capital of Adelaide. Located on the shore of Holdfast Bay in Gulf St Vincent, it has become a tourist destination due to its beach and many attractions, home to several hotels and dozens of restaurants.

Established in 1836, it is the oldest European settlement on mainland South Australia.[3] It was named after Lord Glenelg,[4] a member of British Cabinet and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. Through Lord Glenelg the name derives from Glenelg, Highland, Scotland.

History

Glenelg from the Jetty around 1869
Jetty Road
The Glenelg Marina taken from the Michael Herbert Bridge
See also: History of Adelaide and Prehistory of Australia

Prior to the 1836 British colonisation of South Australia, Glenelg and the rest of the Adelaide Plains was home to the Kaurna group of Aboriginal Australians. They knew the area as "Pattawilya" and the local river as "Pattawilyangga", now named the Patawalonga River. Evidence has shown that at least two smallpox epidemics had killed the majority of the Kaurna population prior to 1836. The disease appeared to have come down the Murray River from New South Wales.[5]

Prior to European settlement there were huge oyster reefs of Australian flat oysters (Ostrea angasi, also known as the Southern mud oyster) off Glenelg. Oysters were of huge importance as a food source for Indigenous Australians at many locations around Australia, but the extensive reefs were decimated after colonisation; it is estimated that in South Australia alone, at least 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) of coastal reefs were destroyed by the 21st century. Oyster fishing was practised by the early settlers, and much of the damage was caused by using dredging to collect the oysters, which led to the reefs being damaged.[6]

Settlement

See also: British colonisation of South Australia and Holdfast Bay § European settlement

The first British settlers set sail for South Australia in 1836. Several locations for the settlement were considered, including Kangaroo Island, Port Lincoln and Encounter Bay. The Adelaide plains were chosen by Colonel William Light, and Governor John Hindmarsh proclaimed the province of South Australia at the site of The Old Gum Tree in Glenelg North on 28 December 1836.[7]

The first post office in Glenelg opened on 5 December 1849; the first postmaster was John McDonald of the St Leonard's Inn. A telegraph office was opened in September 1859 and the two offices amalgamated in 1868.[8] The present post office building on Moseley Square was built in 1912.[9]

The sale of the surveyed lots that constitute the Town of Glenelg was remarkable: the right to purchase, at £1 per "town acre", was allocated by means of a ballot held in February 1839. The "winner" was a syndicate of six led by William Finke, with Osmond Gilles, his nephew John Jackson Oakden and H. R. Wigley (father of W. R. Wigley) notable members.[10]

Among the town's earliest public buildings were the Independent (Congregational) church, opened 7 March 1848, St Peter's (Anglican) church, opened 28 March 1852 and the Pier Hotel, opened Christmas Day 1856, all the work of Henry J. Moseley,[11] for whom Moseley Street and Moseley Square were named. No trace of the original structures remains.

The Corporate Town of Glenelg was proclaimed in 1855, separating local governance of the township of Glenelg from that of the West Torrens and Brighton district councils. Construction of the Glenelg Institute, which is now the Glenelg Town Hall, started in December 1875.[12] The institute opened in 1877,[13] with lecture rooms, a concert hall and a library. The classical structure was designed by Edmund Wright, whose works include the Adelaide Town Hall and Adelaide General Post Office on King William Street.[14] The hall sits on Moseley Square, just off the beach. The Holdfast Bay city council acquired the hall in 1887.[13] Today it houses a museum, tourist information centre and restaurants.[14]

Jetty

Construction of Glenelg's first jetty commenced in August 1857. It was opened on 25 April 1859. The structure was 381 metres (1,250 ft) long and cost over £31,000 to build. It served fishermen and maritime traders, including a mail service operated by P&O, until Port Adelaide replaced it as Adelaide's main port.[15] Passengers were also able travel from the Glenelg jetty to Kangaroo Island by steamer.[16]

Various additions to the jetty were made, none of which stand today. A lighthouse was built in 1872 at the jetty's end, but a year later it caught fire and was cast into the sea to save the rest of the structure. A replacement lighthouse was built in 1874, and was 12.1 metres (40 ft) tall. Other additions included public baths, an aquarium, a police shed and a three-story kiosk with tea rooms.[15] The kiosk structure also housed a family.[17]

The jetty kiosk was wrecked in a storm in 1943, and the jetty was severely damaged by a freak cyclone in 1948. Most of the structure washed away and the remaining structure was deemed unsafe. Just two weeks later, the local council began drafting plans for a new jetty and construction was completed in 1969.[18][19][20] The new structure was just 215 metres (705 ft) long,[20] less than two-thirds of the length of the original jetty. The second jetty continues to stand today, at the end of Jetty Road.

On 1 January 2016, two boys were drowned after falling into the water from rocks to north of the jetty.[21]

The Glenelg Blocks

An ill-fated breakwater construction project was conceived in the early 1900s, intended to create an artificial harbour for the protection of yachts and the local fishing fleet. Parliamentary approval was granted in 1905.[22] In 1909 and 1910, work was dogged by losses of machinery to rough seas[23] and concrete piles that shattered when driven.[24] Pile-driving for seabed study had some success in 1913.[25] By mid-1916 the project remained incomplete and its future was uncertain.[26] In 1918, the contractors took legal action against the Government seeking damages of £80,000.[27] By 1919, the project had become an embarrassment and an "eye sore" without providing a safe harbour as originally intended.[28] Today, the structures are heavily eroded and are colonised with marine life. The site is an artificial reef known to divers and snorkelers as "The Blocks" or "The Glenelg Blocks".[29]

Amusement parks

Colley Reserve and the newly opened (in 1930) Luna Park on the foreshore at Glenelg

Glenelg has been a popular spot for recreation and leisure for much of its history. Following the success of Luna Park, Melbourne, a similar amusement park was constructed on Glenelg's foreshore in 1930.[30] Luna Park Glenelg was placed in voluntary liquidation in 1934, and all the rides (excluding a single carousel) were disassembled, purchased by the directors, and transported to Sydney, where they were used in the construction of Luna Park Sydney.[30] The park's managers claimed that the reasons for the closure were the inability to make money from the park as it was, and opposition to changes from Council and residents, who were afraid that "undesirables" would be attracted to the area.[30]

Built near the former Luna Park site was Magic Mountain, which first opened in 1982. It featured water slides, mini-golf, bumper boats, dodgem cars and many other amusements and was popular with many Adelaide residents. It was also extensively criticised, called an eyesore and likened to a "giant dog dropping" in the media; despite this it was very popular with young children and teenagers.[31] As part of the Holdfast Shores development, Magic Mountain was finally demolished in 2004 and replaced with The Beachouse, a 5-storey modern centre with a more conservative design which still incorporates the historic carousel; it opened in mid-2006. Since its opening, The Beachouse has been a widely popular attraction of the Glenelg area, appealing to both adults and children. A 25-metre single-arm Ferris wheel was a prominent feature of the area until its closure.[32]

Wastewater treatment plant

South Australia's second largest wastewater treatment plants is located in Glenelg. It was first established in 1933, and was upgraded in 1945, 1962, 1973 and most recently in 2002. A pipeline pumps 2.8 gigalitres of treated wastewater to Adelaide where it is used to irrigate green spaces, such as parks and ovals. The facility also conducts tours for school groups and visitors to learn about water supply and treatment.[33] The plant also returns treated wastewater to the ocean. The most significant pollutants discharged to the sea (by mass) in 2018/19 were: nitrogen (180 tonnes), phosphorus (78 tonnes), chlorine (32 tonnes), ammonia (14 tonnes), fluoride (14 tonnes) and zinc (1 tonne).[34]

High-rise development

Atlantic Tower During Development, circa mid-1970s

Atlantic Tower was built in the late 1970s and was Adelaide's tallest residential building at the time. The fourteen-story tower featured a revolving restaurant on its top floor, and was part of a larger development plan that never eventuated.[35] Many other high-rise buildings exist in Glenelg, including the fifteen-story Stamford Grand hotel on Moseley Square, built in 1990,[36] and the twelve-story Liberty Towers, built in 2004.

The Holdfast Shores development, starting in the late 1990s, included the construction of the Marina Pier apartment building with its own private marina in Glenelg North, and the Pier Hotel, founded 2001, and unrelated to the historic Pier Hotel on Moseley Square. The development was met with strong opposition, from both local residents and the City of Holdfast Bay, fearing overdevelopment would ruin the area.[37] Parts of the plan were scaled back, with the Platinum Apartment building scaled down from fifteen stories to nine, and the cinema complex cancelled.

180-degree panoramic view of the Glenelg foreshore taken from mid–way along the jetty, showing some of the high–rise development.
Glenelg marina showing apartments and high-rise development

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
20012,865—    
20063,125+9.1%
20113,448+10.3%
20163,349−2.9%

The 2016 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 3,349 persons in Glenelg on the night of the census. The majority of residents are of Northern European descent, and almost two-thirds of residents are at least second generation Australian. Glenelg is a predominantly Christian community, with common affiliations, in descending order, Catholic, Anglican, no religion and Uniting.

The age distribution of Glenelg residents is skewed upwards more so than that of the Australian population. 26.4% of persons were 65 years or older in 2001, compared to the Australian average of 12.6%. 20.4% of persons were younger than 25 years, compared to the Australian average of 34.5%.[38]

Transport

H type and Bombardier Flexity Classic trams on Jetty Road in 2008

The suburb is bordered by Anzac Highway, (the road link to the Adelaide city centre), to the north, Brighton Road to the west and Pier Street to the south. Jetty Road is the main shopping strip in the suburb, and runs down the middle. Adelaide Metro operates several bus services from Glenelg to various destinations including the central business district and Adelaide Airport. The local council operates a free loop bus service in the area.

Glenelg is the terminus of the Glenelg tram line, which runs from Moseley Square, along Jetty Road though Glenelg, to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre.[39] The route dates back to 1873.[40]

Features and attractions

The Greek Orthodox Bishop releasing the cross from Glenelg Jetty during the festival of the Epiphany, for a swimmer to retrieve
Our Lady of Victories church

The wide beach is popular with visitors and locals alike, and tourists to Adelaide often visit Glenelg. To the north is the mouth of the Patawalonga River, which has been dammed to create an artificial lake which is used as a boat harbour, with a lock down to the sea. This is a popular spot for recreational boating.

A replica of HMS Buffalo was constructed in 1980[41] on the shore of the Patawalonga, with the appearance of being moored in the artificial lake, with a restaurant operating on it.[42] It was demolished in 2019, after its popularity declined and it was no longer viable as a business.[41]

Jetty Road is a long ribbon of shops, entertainment facilities and other commercial activities and is the main shopping precinct in Glenelg.

There is an annual celebration of the Epiphany for the Orthodox faithful of Adelaide, accompanied by the Greek festival of the Theophany.

A shark museum owned and operated by conservationist and shark attack survivor Rodney Fox once operated in Glenelg. Many of its former exhibits were leased to the South Australian Whale Centre, Victor Harbor, in 2008.[43]

Sport

Glenelg is home to a team in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL), the Glenelg Tigers, and the Glenelg Seahorses in the South Australian Grade Cricket League

Reef restoration

Further information: Oyster reef restoration

In late 2020, The Nature Conservancy used a large barge to scatter several hundred tonnes of stone across the sea floor about 1 km (0.62 mi) offshore, to create 2 ha (4.9 acres) of substrate for a new oyster reef for the native angasi oyster, which had been nearly eliminated in Australian waters by over-harvesting and dredging during the 19th and early 20th centuries.[44][45][46] Oyster reefs and seagrass beds help to protect coastlines from the effects of storm events and climate change, as well as offering the benefits of greater biodiversity, which helps to protect fish stocks, and protection from extremes of temperatures, which can threaten vulnerable species.[6]

Politics

2006 State Elections[47]
House of Assembly: First preference votes
  Liberal 50.1%
  Labor 34.6%
  Greens 9.1%
  Democrats 3.3%
  Family First 3.0%
2007 Federal Elections[48]
House of Representatives: First preference votes.
  Liberal 47.7%
  Labor 41.5%
  Greens 6.2%
  Democrats 2.1%
  Family First 1.4%
2014 LGA Elections[49]
City of Holdfast Bay
Councillors for
Glenelg Ward 		Councillors for
Somerton Ward
Rosie Aust Amanda Wilson
Sam Charlick John Smedley
Bob Patton Mikki Bouchée

Since 1985 Glenelg has been located in the Electoral district of Morphett for the South Australian House of Assembly. It was previously in the seat of Glenelg.[50] The current sitting member is Stephen Patterson of the Liberal Party of Australia, who has held the seat since 2018.[51] Federally, Glenelg is in the Division of Boothby and has been held by Louise Miller-Frost of the Australian Labor Party since the 2022 election.

Notable residents

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Search results for 'Glenelg, SUB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'". Location SA Map Viewer. South Australian Government. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  2. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Glenelg (SA) (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022. Edit this at Wikidata
  3. ^ "Buffalo Row". Daily Telegraph. Vol. XXXI, no. 2. Tasmania, Australia. 3 January 1911. p. 8. Retrieved 9 June 2019 – via National Library of Australia. Kingscote, on Kangaroo Island was actually settled earlier
  4. ^ The Manning Index of South Australian History > Place Names of South Australia > Glenelg State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  5. ^ Allen, Yvonne; Williams G.Y.; Ambjerg-Pedersen B.; Parnis A.; Lee J. (2001). Footprints in the sand. Kaurna life in the Holdfast Bay Area (2nd ed.). Underdale, South Australia: Aboriginal Research Unit, University of South Australia. pp. 5–6. ISBN 0-86803-918-7.
  6. ^ a b Bradley, James (February 2021). "A reef history of time". The Monthly. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  7. ^ City of Holdfast Bay. "Heritage and History". Archived from the original on 13 November 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
  8. ^ Walker, Martin (2004) The Post, Telegraph and Telephone Offices of South Australia and the Northern Territory, Torrensville, South Australia: published by the author, p. 127 ISBN 0-9757019-0-8
  9. ^ eguide Pty Ltd. "Glenelg". Adelaide eguide. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  10. ^ "Choice of the Township of Glenelg and the new Port Section". South Australian Gazette And Colonial Register. Vol. II, no. 55. South Australia. 9 February 1839. p. 4. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ "Death of Mr. H. J. Moseley". The Advertiser (Adelaide). Vol. XXXVII, no. 11145. South Australia. 7 July 1894. p. 6. Retrieved 23 March 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ City of Holdfast Bay, Historic Glenelg: A Self-Guided Walk, O1: Glenelg Town Hall, accessed on 16 September 2024
  13. ^ a b "Bay Discovery Centre". City of Holdfast Bay. 2006. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  14. ^ a b "The Glenelg Town Hall and Bay Discovery Centre". Postcards from South Australia. NWS 9 Adelaide. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  15. ^ a b Reynolds, Steve (2002). "The Glenelg Jetty". MLSSA Newsletter June 2002. Marine Life Society of South Australia, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
  16. ^ "KANGAROO ISLAND". Observer. 12 February 1910. p. 43. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  17. ^ "Glenelg Jetty Exhibit: In the Adelaide Coast region of South Australia". Postcards from South Australia. NWS 9 Adelaide. 2002. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  18. ^ Rogers, Tony; (2009), South Australia’s Extreme Weather: Its Human Impact, Australian Metrological Association Incorporated, Kent Town SA, pages 113-123. (ISBN 978 0 646 51841 1)
  19. ^ Reynolds, Steve (2002). "The Glenelg Jetty (Part 2)". MLSSA Newsletter July 2002. Marine Life Society of South Australia, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  20. ^ a b "Attractions Within Holdfast". City of Holdfast Bay. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  21. ^ "Two children killed in Glenelg seaside tragedy". The Advertiser. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  22. ^ "GLENELG BREAKWATER". Express and Telegraph. 20 May 1912. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  23. ^ "GLENELG BREAKWATER". Register. 15 June 1909. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  24. ^ "GLENELG BREAKWATER". Register. 21 February 1910. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  25. ^ "GLENELG BREAKWATER". Register. 9 May 1913. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  26. ^ "GLENELG BREAKWATER". Register. 20 July 1916. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  27. ^ "GLENELG BREAKWATER". Register. 1 February 1918. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  28. ^ "GLENELG BREAKWATER". Register. 30 December 1919. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  29. ^ Ron. "15 Dec: Shore Dive @ Glenelg Jetty & Blocks". Diving Adelaide. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  30. ^ a b c Marshall, Sam (2005). "Luna Park Glenelg - South Australia's First". Luna Park - Just for fun (2nd ed.). Sydney, Australia: Luna Park Sydney Pty Ltd. pp. 44–49. ISBN 0-646-44807-2.
  31. ^ Ashley Walsh, ABC Adelaide (2004). "Farewell Magic Mountain". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
  32. ^ "Ferris wheel for Bay". The Advertiser, Adelaide. News Limited. 10 June 2007.
  33. ^ "Glenelg WWTP". SA Water. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  34. ^ "2018/2019 report for SOUTH AUSTRALIAN WATER CORPORATION, Glenelg Wastewater Treatment Plant - Glenelg North, SA". National Pollution Inventory. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  35. ^ "Atlantic Tower". Emporis Buildings. 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. ^ "Stamford Grand". Emporis Buildings. 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  37. ^ City of Holdfast Bay (2004). "Profound Regret and Disappointment, Apartments to go ahead on Glenelg foreshore" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
  38. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "2011 Community Profiles: Glenelg (State Suburb)". 2011 Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved 30 November 2012. Edit this at Wikidata
  39. ^ Adelaide trams map Archived 11 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Adelaide Metro
  40. ^ The Western Lines Tramway Museum, St Kilda
  41. ^ a b Boisvert, Eugene (30 January 2019). "City of Adelaide ship deadline approaches, Buffalo replica to be demolished". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  42. ^ "HMS Buffalo Australia". HMS Buffalo Replica. 7 May 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  43. ^ 2007-08 Annual Report - City of Victor Harbor Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  44. ^ Adelaide University researchers have discovered the loss of oyster reefs believed to have disappeared over 70 years ago due to dredging in South Australia ABC News, 23 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  45. ^ Restored SA reef seeks to turn the tide for oysters InDaily, 28 June 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  46. ^ Reef revival at full steam off Glenelg as 'eco-engineering' oysters create marine hubs ABC News, 12 February 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  47. ^ Results are for the Glenelg Central booth and may not reflect the actual votes from Glenelg residents. State Electoral Office, South Australia (2006). "District of Morphett - Polling Booth Results". Retrieved 5 December 2006.[permanent dead link‍]
  48. ^ Results are for the Glenelg Central booth and may not reflect the actual votes from Glenelg residents. Australian Electoral Commission (2007). "Polling Place Results - Glenelg Central". Retrieved 12 May 2009.
  49. ^ Results are for the entire ward and may not reflect the actual votes from Glenelg residents. Local Government Association of South Australia (2006). "Election Results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
  50. ^ The Poll Bludger (2006). "South Australian House of Assembly Election 2006. Morphett". Retrieved 13 December 2006.
  51. ^ "Morphett - ECSA". Electoral Commission of South Australia. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
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