Hearing Voices Movement

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The Hearing Voices Movement (HVM) is the name used by organizations and individuals advocating the "hearing voices approach",^[1] an alternative way of understanding the experience of those people who "hear voices". In the medical professional literature, ‘voices’ are most often referred to as auditory verbal hallucinations. The movement uses the term ‘hearing voices’, which it feels is a more accurate and 'user-friendly' term.

The movement was instigated by Marius Romme, Sandra Escher and Patsy Hage^[2][3] in 1987. It challenges the notion that to hear voices is necessarily a characteristic of mental illness.^[4][5][6] Instead it regards hearing voices as a meaningful and understandable, although unusual, human variation.^[7][8] It therefore rejects the stigma and pathologisation of hearing voices and advocates human rights, social justice and support for people who hear voices that is empowering and recovery focused.^[9][10][11] The movement thus challenges the medical model of mental illness, specifically the validity of the schizophrenia construct.^[12]

The international Hearing Voices Movement is a prominent mental health service-user/survivor movement that promotes the needs and perspectives of experts by experience in the phenomenon of hearing voices (auditory verbal hallucinations). The main tenet of the Hearing Voices Movement is the notion that hearing voices is a meaningful human experience.^[13]

The Hearing Voices Movement regards itself and is regarded by others as being a post-psychiatric organisation.^[14][15][16] It positions itself outside of the mental health world in recognition that voices are an aspect of human difference, rather than a mental health problem. One of the main issues of concern for the Hearing Voices Movement is empowerment^[17] and human rights as outlined in its Melbourne Hearing Voices Declaration 2013^[18] and Thessaloniki Declaration 2014.^[19]

The Hearing Voices Movement also seeks holistic health solutions to problematic and overwhelming voices that cause mental distress. Based on their research,^[20] the movement espouses that many people successfully live with their voices. In themselves voices are not seen as the problem. Rather it is the relationship the person has with their voices that is regarded as the main issue.^[9][21] Research indicates that mindfulness-based interventions can be beneficial for people distressed by hearing voices.^[22][23][24]

The Hearing Voices Movement has developed interventions for mental health practitioners to support people who hear voices and are overwhelmed by the experience.^{[25][26][27][28][29]}

The position of the hearing voices movement can be summarised as follows:^[20][30]

• Hearing voices is not in itself a sign of mental illness.
• Hearing voices is part of the diversity of being a human, it is a faculty that is common (3-10% of the population will hear a voice or voices in their lifetime) and significant.
• Hearing voices is experienced by many people who do not have symptoms that would lead to diagnosis of mental illness.
• Hearing voices is often related to problems in life history.
• If hearing voices causes distress, the person who hears the voices can learn strategies to cope with the experience.
• Coping is often achieved by confronting the past problems that lie behind the experience.

The work of Marius Romme, Sandra Escher and other researchers^{[5][11][31][32][33][34]} provides a theoretical framework for the movement. They find that:

1. Not everyone who hears voices becomes a patient. Over a third of 400 voice hearers in the Netherlands they studied had not had any contact with psychiatric services. These people either described themselves as being able to cope with their voices and/or described their voices as life enhancing.^[35]
2. Demographic (epidemiological) research provides evidence that there are people who hear voices in the general population (2%-6%) who are not necessarily troubled by them^{[36][37][38][39]}). Only a small minority fulfill the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis and, of those, only a few seek psychiatric aid^[40] indicating that hearing voices in itself is not necessarily a symptom of an illness.^[41] Even more (about 8%) have peculiar delusions and do so without being ill.
3. People who cope well with their voices and those who did not, show clear differences in terms of the nature of the relationship they had with their voices.^[42]
4. People who live well with their voice experience use different strategies to manage their voices than those voice hearers who are overwhelmed by them.^[20][43]
5. 70% of voice hearers reported that their voices had begun after a severe traumatic or intensely emotional event^{[44][45][46][47][48][49]} such as an accident, divorce or bereavement, sexual or physical abuse, love affairs, or pregnancy.^[50] Romme and colleagues found that the onset of voice hearing amongst a patient group was preceded by either a traumatic event or an event that activated the memory of an earlier trauma.^[51][52]
6. Specifically, there is a high correlation between voice hearing and abuse.^[53] These findings are being substantiated further in on-going studies with voice hearing amongst children.^[48][54]
7. Some people who hear voices have a deep need to construct a personal understanding for their experiences and to talk to others about it without being designated as mad.^[55]

Romme, colleagues and other researchers find that people who hear voices can be helped using methods such as voice dialoguing^[56] cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)^[57] and self-help methods.^[58]

Romme theorizes a three phase model of recovery:^[30]

• Startling – Initial confusion; emotional chaos, fear, helplessness and psychological turmoil.
• Organization – The need to find meaning, arrive at some understanding and acceptance. The development of ways of coping and accommodating voices in everyday living. This task may take months or years and is marked by the attempt to enter into active negotiation with the voice(s).
• Stabilisation – The establishment of equilibrium, and accommodation, with the voice(s), and the consequent re-empowerment of the person.

The Hearing Voices Movement disavows the medical model of disability and disapproves of the practises of mental health services through much of the Western world, such as treatment solely with medication.^[59] For example, some service users have reported negative experiences of mental health services because they are discouraged from talking about their voices as these are seen solely as symptoms of psychiatric illness.^{[60][61][62][63][64]} Slade and Bentall conclude that the failure to attend to hallucinatory experiences and/or have the opportunity for dialogue about them is likely to have the effect of helping to maintain them.^[65]

In Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity, Leudar and Thomas review nearly 3,000 years of voice-hearing history.^[66] They argue that the Western World has moved the experience of hearing voices from a socially valued context to a pathologised and denigrated one. Foucault has argued that this process can generally arise when a minority perspective is at odds with dominant social norms and beliefs.^[67]

The Hearing Voices Movement^[68] was established in 1987 by Romme and Escher, both from the Netherlands, with the formation of Stichting Weerklank (Foundation Resonance), a peer led support organisation for people who hear voices. In 1988, the Hearing Voices Network was established in England with the active support of Romme.^[69] Since then, networks have been established in 35 countries.^[70]

INTERVOICE (The International Network for Training, Education and Research into Hearing Voices) is the organisation that provides coordination and support to the Hearing Voices Movement. It is supported by people who hear voices, relatives, friends and mental health professionals including therapists, social workers, nurses, psychiatrists and psychologists.^{[citation needed]}

INTERVOICE was formed in 1997, at a meeting of voice hearers, family members and mental health workers was held in Maastricht, Netherlands to consider how to organise internationally further research and work about the subject of voice hearing. The meeting decided to create a formal organizational structure to provide administrative and coordinating support to the wide variety of initiatives in the different involved countries.^{[citation needed]}

The organisation is structured as a network and was incorporated in 2007 as a non-profit company and charity under UK law. It operates under the name of International Hearing Voices Projects Ltd. The president is Marius Romme and the governing body is made up of people who hear voices and mental health practitioners.^[71]

Hearing Voices Groups are based on an ethos of self-help, mutual respect and empathy. They provide a safe space for people to share their experiences and to support one another. They are peer support groups, involving social support and belonging, not necessarily therapy or treatment. Groups offer an opportunity for people to accept and live with their experiences in a way that helps them regain some power over their lives. There are hundreds of hearing voices groups and networks across the world.^{[72][non-primary source needed]} In 2014 there were more than 180 groups in the UK. These include groups for young people, people in prison, women and people from Black and Minority Ethnic communities.^{[73][74][75][76][77][78]}

INTERVOICE hosts the annual World Hearing Voices Congress. In 2015 the 7th Congress was held in Madrid, Spain, the 2016 Congress will be held in Paris, France. Previous conferences have been held in Maastricht, Netherlands, (2009); Nottingham, England (2010), Savona, Italy (2011), Cardiff, Wales (2012); Melbourne, Australia (2013); Thessaloniki, Greece (2014); Madrid, Spain (2015).

This is held on 14 September and celebrates hearing voices as part of the diversity of human experience, It seeks to increase awareness of the fact that you can hear voices and be healthy. It also challenges the negative attitudes towards people who hear voices and the assumption that hearing voices, in itself, is a sign of mental illness.

INTERVOICE has an international research committee, that commissions research, encourages and supports exchanges and visits between member countries, the translation and publication of books and other literature on the subject of hearing voices and other related extraordinary experiences.^[79]

The Hearing Voices Movement has been criticised for its stance on medication and schizophrenia and for promoting non-medical and non-evidence-based approaches to severe mental illnesses in articles by Susan Inman from the Huffington Post, such as "People Who Hear Voices Need Science-Based Advice" in 2013,^[80] and "What You're not Hearing About the Hearing Voices Movement" in 2015.^[81]

Specific criticisms of the hearing voices approach include:^{[citation needed]}

• using ideas that don't support science-based ways of understanding illness
• undermines people's trust in medical help that might be crucial to their wellbeing
• encourages people to focus on their voices when they may be having a hard time differentiating between what's real and what's not real
• doesn't recognize the very different needs of people with severe mental illnesses
• by failing to differentiate between the needs of people who actually have psychotic disorders and those who don't, HVM poses serious risks
• poses real danger for the substantial number of people who lack insight into their psychotic disorder
• people struggling with psychotic symptoms shouldn't be advised to emphasize the meaning of auditory hallucinations

• Hearing Voices, Horizon Documentary, BBC, UK (1995) ^[82]
• Angels and Demons directed by Sonya Pemberton, f2003; produced by ABC Commercial, in Enough Rope, Episode 162^[83]
• The Doctor Who Hears Voices, Channel 4, UK^[84]
• The voices in my head TED2013, Filmed February 2013 ^[85]

A study investigating media reports of the experience of hearing voices found that 84% of the articles in the study contained no suggestion that voice-hearing can be ‘normal’. Half of those that did, put voice-hearing in a religious or spiritual context, for example considering the case of Joan of Arc. Most of the articles (81.8%) connected voice-hearing to mental illness. In some cases, auditory verbal hallucinations were simply equated with insanity.^[86]

• Blackman, Lisa (2001). Hearing voices: embodiment and experience. London New York: Free Association Books. ISBN 9781853435331.
• Coleman, Ron; Smith, Mike (2005) [1997]. Working with voices: victim to victor. Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside: Handsell. ISBN 9780954810344.
• Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Starting and supporting voices groups: a guide to setting up and running support groups for people who hear voices, see visions or experience tactile or other sensations. Manchester, England: Hearing Voices Network.
• Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Coping with voices and visions: a guide to helping people who experience hearing voices, seeing visions, tactile or other sensations. Manchester England: Hearing Voices Network.
• James, Adam (2001). Raising our voices: an account of the hearing voices movement. Handsell Publishing. ISBN 9781903199138.
• Jaynes, Julian (1976). The origin of consciousness and the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395207291.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (2000). Voices of reason, voices of insanity: studies of verbal hallucinations. London New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415147866.
• Longden, Eleanor (2013). Learning from the voices in my head. Cambridge: TED Books.
• McCarthy-Jones, Simon (2012). Hearing voices: the histories, causes, and meanings of auditory verbal hallucinations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139017534.
• Romme, Marius A.J. (2011). "Accepting and making sense of voices: a recovery-focused therapy plan". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 153–165. ISBN 9780415673303.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (1992). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690139.
• Romme, Marius A.J. (1996). Understanding voices: coping with auditory hallucinations and confusing realities. Runcorn, Cheshire: Handsell Publications. ISBN 9789072551092.

Also published by Rijksuniversiteit Maastricht in the Netherlands.

• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2000). Making sense of voices: the mental health professional's guide to working with voice-hearers. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690863.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2010). Children hearing voices: what you need to know andwhat you can do. Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, UK: Pccs Books. ISBN 9781906254353.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2011). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 129–139. ISBN 9780415673303.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D.; Dillon, Jacqui; Corstens, Dirk; Morris, Mervyn (2009). Living with voices: 50 stories of recovery. Herefordshire: PCCS Books in association with Birmingham City University. ISBN 9781906254223.
• Stephens, G. Lynn; Graham, George (2000). When self-consciousness breaks: alien voices and inserted thoughts. Philosophical Pychopathology Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262194372.
• Watkins, John (2008) [1998]. Hearing voices: a common human experience. Melbourne, Victoria: Michelle Anderson Publishing. ISBN 9780855723903.

This "Further reading" section may need cleanup. Please read the editing guide and help improve the section. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

• Treatment of Schizophrenia Challenged In Western Australia The NewsMaker (Australia) 9 June 2011, "The Psychiatrist, the psychologist and the ex patient: a frank discussion on schizophrenia" Dr Dirk Corstens from the Netherlands, award-winning psychologist Eleanor Longden, and ex patient and Voices advocate Ron Coleman, discuss their expertise and experience on schizophrenia and voice hearing, as well as share innovative ways on the treatment of schizophrenia and management the experience.
• A first-class recovery: From hopeless case to graduate The Independent (UK) 25 October 2009, Eleanor Longden was a diagnosed schizophrenic and heard menacing voices in her head for 10 years.
• Embracing the dark voices within BBC News Online (UK), 3 September 2009
• I talk back to the voices in my head The Guardian (UK), 4 April 2009
• A dialogue with myself The Independent (UK), 15 April 2008, When Ruth began hearing voices, she turned to a controversial drug-free therapy programme. Now, her story is told in a powerful TV film
• Listening Cure^{[dead link]} Time/CNN (USA), 21 February 2008
• Can You Live With the Voices in Your Head? New York Times (USA), 25/03/2007
• Voices carry Boston Globe (USA), 25/03/2007
• The mad doctor: The extraordinary story of Dr Rufus May, the former psychiatric patient The Independent (UK), 18 March 2007
• Mad Medicine: A New Group for People Who Hear Voices Celebrates Mental Diversity Portland Mercury June 25, 2009
• Assiz. C (6 January 1991) Heard but not seen, Independent on Sunday

• Baker, Paul K. (October 1990). "I hear voices and I'm glad to!". Critical Public Health. 1 (4): 21–27. doi:10.1080/09581599008406791.
• Baker, Paul K. (1995). "Accepting the inner voices". Nursing Times. 91 (31): 59–61. PMID 7638080. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
• Baker, Paul K. (1996). Can you hear me, a research and practice summary. Stavanger: Psykiatrisk Opplysningsfond. OCLC 472812459.
• Barret, Terry R.; Etheridge, Jane B. (September–October 1992). "Verbal hallucinations in normals, I: people who hear 'voices'". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 6 (5): 379–387. doi:10.1002/acp.2350060503.
• Bentall, Richard P. (January 1990). "The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research into psychotic hallucinations". Psychological Bulletin. 107 (1): 82–95. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.82. PMID 2404293.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Jackson, Howard F.; Pilgrim, David (November 1988). "Abandoning the concept of "schizophrenia": some implications of validity arguments for psychological research into psychotic phenomena". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 27 (4): 303–324. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00795.x. PMID 3063319.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Claridge, Gordon S.; Slade, Peter D. (1989). "The multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits: a factor analytic study with normal subjects". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 28 (4): 363–375. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb00840.x. PMID 2605389.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Haddock, Gillian; Slade, Peter D. (Winter 1994). "Cognitive behaviour therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations: from theory to therapy". Behavioral Psychotherapy. 25 (1): 51–56. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80145-5.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Kaney, Sue; Dewey, Michael E. (February 1991). "Paranoia and social reasoning: an attribution theory analysis". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 30 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00915.x. PMID 2021784.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Slade, Peter D (1985). "Reliability of a scale for measuring disposition towards hallucinations: a brief report". Personality and Individual Differences. 6 (4): 527–529. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90151-5.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Haddock, Gillian; Slade, Peter D. (Winter 1994). "Cognitive behaviour therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations". Behaviour Therapy. 25 (1): 51–66. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80145-5.
• Chadwick, Paul; Birchwood, Max J. (February 1994). "Challenging the omnipotence of voices: a cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations". British Journal of Psychiatry. 164 (2): 190–201. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.413.7816. doi:10.1192/bjp.164.2.190. PMID 8173822. S2CID 6659161.
• Coleman, Ron; Smith, Mike (1997). Working with voices: victim to victor. Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside: Handsell. ISBN 9781903199015.
• Cullberg, Johan (September 1991). "Recovered versus non-recovered schizophrenic patients among those who have had intensive psychotherapy". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 84 (3): 242–245. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03137.x. PMID 1950624. S2CID 37533906.
• Davies, Peggy; Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (May 1999). "Dialogical engagement with voices: a single case study" (PDF). British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 72 (2): 179–187. doi:10.1348/000711299159934. PMID 10397423.
• Davies, Hywel (2002). "Hearing voices past and present: a users perspective". In Harris, Neil; Williams, Steve; Bradshaw, Tim (eds.). Psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia: a practical guide for health workers. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 18–25. ISBN 9780333777398.
• Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Starting and supporting voices groups: a guide to setting up and running support groups for people who hear voices, see visions or experience tactile or other sensations. Manchester, England: Hearing Voices Network.
• Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Coping with voices and visions: a guide to helping people who experience hearing voices, seeing visions, tactile or other sensations. Manchester England: Hearing Voices Network.
• Ensink, Bernardine J. (1993). Confusing realities: a study of child sexual abuse and psychiatric symptoms. Amsterdam: VU University Press. ISBN 9789053830857.

Also Ensink, Bernardine J. (1992). "Trauma: a study of child abuse and hallucinations". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690139.

• Eaton, William W.; Romanoski, Alan; Anthony, James C.; Nestadt, Gerald James (1991). "Screening for psychosis in the general population with a self-report interview". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 179 (11): 689–693. doi:10.1097/00005053-199111000-00007. PMID 1940893. S2CID 10352259.
• Falloon, Ian R.H.; Talbot, Ralph E. (May 1981). "Persistent auditory hallucinations: coping mechanisms and implications for management". Psychological Medicine. 11 (2): 329–339. doi:10.1017/S0033291700052144. PMID 7267874. S2CID 43810158.
• Freedland, Jonathan (22 April 1995). "Hearing is believing". The Guardian.
• Grierson, Mike (1991). A report on the Manchester hearing voices conference November 1990. Manchester, England: Hearing Voices Network.
• Haddock, Gillian; Bentall, Richard P.; Slade, Peter D. (1996). "Psychological treatments for auditory hallucinations, focussing or distraction?". In Haddock, Gillian; Slade, Peter D. (eds.). Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge. pp. 45–71. ISBN 9780415102902.
• Haddock, Gillian; Bentall, Richard P.; Slade, Peter D. (1993). "Psychological treatment of chronic auditory hallucinations: two case studies". Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 21 (4): 335–346. doi:10.1017/S1352465800011668. S2CID 146155388.
• Heery, Myrtle W. (1989). "Inner voice experiences: an exploratory study of thirty cases" (PDF). Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 21 (1): 73–82.
• Holmes, Doug (1998). Hearing voices: Hillary, Angels, and O.J. to the voice-producing brain. Rileyville, Virginia: Shenandoah Psychology Press. ISBN 9780966397376.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (1995). The Verbal Hallucinations Pragmatics Schedule: Guidelines for establishing pragmatic aspects of voice-voice hearer talk. Manchester, UK: Department of Psychology, University of Manchester.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (2000). Voices of reason, voices of insanity: studies of verbal hallucinations. London/New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415147866.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip; Johnston, Margaret (October 1992). "Self repair for in dialogues of schizophrenics: effects of hallucinations and negative symptoms". Brain and Language. 43 (3): 487–511. doi:10.1016/0093-934X(92)90114-T. PMID 1446215. S2CID 11607583.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip; Johnston, Margaret (August 1994). "Self monitoring in speech production: effects of verbal hallucinations and negative symptoms". Psychological Medicine. 24 (3): 749–761. doi:10.1017/S0033291700027902. PMID 7991757. S2CID 8519359.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip; McNally, D.; Glinsky, A. (July 1997). "What can voices do with words? Pragmatics of verbal hallucinations". Psychological Medicine. 27 (4): 885–898. doi:10.1017/S0033291797005138. PMID 9234466. S2CID 21386734.
• Lineham, Tim (26 March 1993). "Hearing is believing". New Statesman and Society. 245: 18–19. ISSN 0954-2361. OCLC 224602448.
• Loekhort, Russell A. (September 1975). "Mary's dog is an ear mother: listening to the voices of psychosis". Psychological Perspectives: A Quarterly Journal of Jungian Thought. 6 (2): 144–160. doi:10.1080/00332927508409446.
• Miller, Laura J.; O'Connor, Eileen; DiPasquale, Tony (April 1993). "Patients' attitudes toward hallucinations" (PDF). American Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (4): 584–588. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.4.584. PMID 8465874.
• Rector, Neil A.; Seeman, Mary V. (September 1992). "Auditory hallucinations in women and men". Schizophrenia Research. 7 (3): 233–236. doi:10.1016/0920-9964(92)90017-Y. PMID 1390402. S2CID 23720928.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (1996). "Empowering people who hear voices". In Haddock, Gillian; Slade, Peter D. (eds.). Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge. pp. 137–150. ISBN 9780415102902.
• Sarbin, Theodore R. (Summer–Autumn 1990). "Towards the obsolescence of the schizophrenia hypothesis" (PDF). The Journal of Mind and Behavior. 11 (3–4): 259–283.
• Shapiro, Samantha M. (19 January 2017). "The Radical Movement Redefining Schizophrenia". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
• Siegel, Ronald K. (1992). Fire in the brain: clinical tales of hallucination. New York, New York: Dutton Books. ISBN 9780525934080.
• Sidgwick, Henry A.; Johnson, Alice; Myers, Frederic W. H.; Podmore, Frank; Sidgwick, Eleanor Mildred (1894). Report on the Census of Hallucinations. UK. ISBN 9780674267084.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

• Described in: James, William (1986). "The Census of Hallucinations (1889-1897)". In James, William (ed.). Essays in psychical research. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 56–78. ISBN 9780674267084.
• See also: "Report on the Census of Hallucinations Society for Psychical Research: Chapter XII Death-coincidences". History of Psychiatry. 5 (19): 403–415. September 1994. doi:10.1177/0957154X9400501909. S2CID 220338425.
• and: James, William (January 1895). "Review of Report on the Census of Hallucinations". Psychological Review. 2 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1037/h0068910.

• Slade, Peter D. (1994). "Models of hallucination: from theory to practice". In David, Anthony S.; Cutting, John C. (eds.). The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Brain, Behaviour and Cognition Series. Hove, UK Hillsdale, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 245–254. ISBN 9780863773037.
• Slade, Peter D.; Bentall, Richard P. (1988). Sensory deception: towards a scientific analysis of hallucinations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801837609.
• Tarrier, Nicholas; Harwood, Susan; Yusupoff, Lawrence; Beckett, Richard; Baker, Amanda (October 1990). "Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE): a method of treating residual schizophrenic symptoms". Behavioural Psychotherapy. 18 (4): 283–293. doi:10.1017/S0141347300010387. S2CID 143803652.
• Tiihonen, Jari; Hari, Riitta; Naukkarinen, Hannu; Rimón, Ranan; Jousmäki, Veikko; Kajola, Matti (February 1992). "Modified activity of the human auditory cortex during auditory hallucinations". American Journal of Psychiatry. 149 (2): 255–257. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.2.255. PMID 1734750.
• Yusopoff, Lawrence; Tarrier, Nicholas (1996). "Coping strategy enhancement for persistent hallucinations and delusions". In Haddock, Gillian; Slade, P.D. (eds.). Cognitive, behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge. pp. 86–103. ISBN 9780415102902.

Voice Hearing Prevalence

• Beavan, Vanessa; Read, John; Cartwright, Claire (June 2011). "The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: a literature review". Journal of Mental Health. 20 (3): 281–292. doi:10.3109/09638237.2011.562262. PMID 21574793. S2CID 207498701.
• Pearson, David; Smalley, Michelle; Ainsworth, Christopher; Cook, Maria; Boyle, Jacqueline; Flury, Sarah (August 2008). "Auditory hallucinations in adolescent and adult students: implications for continuums and adult pathology following child abuse". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 196 (8): 634–638. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31818132b6. PMID 18974676. S2CID 30209581.
• Posey, Thomas B.; Losch, Mary E. (October 1983). "Auditory hallucinations of hearing voices in 375 normal subjects". Imagination, Cognition and Personality. 3 (2): 99–113. doi:10.2190/74V5-HNXN-JEY5-DG7W. S2CID 146310857.
• Tien, Allen Y. (November 1991). "Distributions of hallucinations in the population". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 26 (6): 287–292. doi:10.1007/BF00789221. PMID 1792560. S2CID 28848635.

Voice Hearing and Life Events

• Andrew, Elizabeth Marie; Gray, Nicola S.; Snowden, Robert (October 2008). "The relationship between trauma and beliefs about hearing voices: a study of psychiatric and non-psychiatric voice hearers" (PDF). Psychological Medicine. 38 (10): 1409–1417. doi:10.1017/S003329170700253X. PMID 18177529. S2CID 6181173.
• Honig, Adriaan; Romme, Marius A.J.; Ensink, Bernadine J.; Escher, Sandra D.; Pennings, Monique H.A.; deVries, Marten W. (October 1998). "Auditory hallucinations: a comparison between patients and nonpatients". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 186 (10): 646–651. doi:10.1097/00005053-199810000-00009. PMID 9788642.
• Moskowitz, Andrew; Corstens, Dirk (January 2008). "Auditory hallucinations: psychotic symptom or dissociative experience?". Journal of Psychological Trauma. 6 (2–3): 35–63. doi:10.1300/J513v06n02_04. S2CID 145290175.
• Read, John; Perry, Bruce D.; Moskowitz, Andrew; Connolly, Jan (December 2001). "The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: a traumagenic neurodevelopmental model". Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 64 (4): 319–345. doi:10.1521/psyc.64.4.319.18602. PMID 11822210. S2CID 85422.
• Read, John; van Os, Jim; Morrison, Anthony P.; Ross, Colin A. (November 2005). "Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 112 (5): 330–350. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x. PMID 16223421. S2CID 5324960.
• Shevlin, Mark; Murphy, Jamie; Read, John; Mallett, John; Adamson, Gary; Houston, James Edward (December 2011). "Childhood adversity and hallucinations: a community-based study using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 46 (12): 1203–1210. doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0296-x. PMID 20931325. S2CID 22512253.
• Whitfield, Charles L.; Dube, Shanta R.; Felitti, Vincent J.; Anda, Robert F. (July 2005). "Adverse childhood experiences and hallucinations". Child Abuse and Neglect. 29 (7): 797–810. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.01.004. PMID 16051353.

Working With Voices

• Beavan, Vanessa; Read, John (March 2010). "Hearing voices and listening to what they say: the importance of voice content in understanding and working with distressing voices". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 198 (3): 201–205. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d14612. PMID 20215997. S2CID 966759.
• Corstens, Dirk; Longden, Eleanor; May, Rufus (June 2012). "Talking with voices: exploring what is expressed by the voices people hear". Psychosis. 4 (2): 95–104. doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.571705. S2CID 145640302.
• Longden, Eleanor; Corstens, Dirk; Escher, Sandra D.; Romme, Marius A.J. (October 2012). "Voice hearing in biographical context: a model for formulating the relationship between voices and life history". Psychosis. 4 (3): 224–234. doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.596566. S2CID 143911912.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Morris, Mervyn (October 2013). "The recovery process with hearing voices: accepting as well as exploring their emotional background through a supported process". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 (3): 259–269. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.830641. S2CID 144639561.
• Stainsby, Matt; Sapochnik, Manuela; Bledin, Ken; Mason, Oliver J. (February 2010). "Are attitudes and beliefs about symptoms more important than symptom severity in recovery from psychosis?". Psychosis. 2 (1): 41–49. doi:10.1080/17522430903144386. S2CID 143419210.

Hearing Voices Groups

• Dillon, Jacqui; Hornstein, Gail A. (October 2013). "Hearing voices peer support groups: a powerful alternative for people in distress". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 (3): 286–295. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.843020. S2CID 143027320.
• Dillon, Jacqui; Longden, Eleanor (2011). "Hearing voices groups: creating safe spaces to share taboo experiences". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 129–139. ISBN 9780415673303.
• May, Rufus; Longden, Eleanor (2010). "Self-help approaches to hearing voices". In Larøi, Frank; Aleman, André (eds.). Hallucinations: a guide to treatment and management. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199548590.

• hearingvoicesusa.org (PDF)
• childtrauma.org (PDF) Archived 8 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
• "Media: Changing media perceptions about the meaning of hearing voices: News archive". Hearing Voices Network Cymru (Wales). Archived from the original on 2 November 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)