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James B. Sumner

James B. Sumner
Sumner in 1946
Born(1887-11-19)November 19, 1887
Canton, Massachusetts, USA
DiedAugust 12, 1955(1955-08-12) (aged 67)
Buffalo, New York, USA
NationalityAmerican
Alma materHarvard University
Known forFirst to isolate an enzyme in crystallized form
First to show that an enzyme is a protein
AwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry (1946)
Scientific career
FieldsBiochemistry[1]
InstitutionsMount Allison University,
Cornell University
Doctoral advisorOtto Folin
Doctoral studentsAlexander Dounce[2]

James Batcheller Sumner (November 19, 1887 – August 12, 1955) was an American biochemist. He discovered that enzymes can be crystallized, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946 with John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley.[3] He was also the first to prove that enzymes are proteins.

Biography

Sumner was born on November 19, 1887, in Canton, Massachusetts.[4]

While hunting at age 17, Sumner was accidentally shot by a companion and as a result his left arm had to be amputated just below the elbow. He had been left-handed before the accident, after which he had to learn to do things with his right hand.[5]

Sumner graduated from Harvard University with a bachelor's degree in 1910[4] where he was acquainted with prominent chemists Roger Adams, Farrington Daniels, Frank C. Whitmore, James Bryant Conant and Charles Loring Jackson.[citation needed] After a short period of working in the cotton knitting factory owned by his uncle, he accepted a teaching position at Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada. For the year 1911-12 he worked as a teaching assistantship in chemistry at Worcester Polytechnic Institute.[5]

In 1912, he went to study biochemistry in Harvard Medical School and obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1914 with Otto Folin. He then worked as assistant professor of biochemistry at Cornell Medical School in Ithaca, NY.[5]

Sumner married Cid Ricketts (born Bertha Louise Ricketts in Brookhaven, Mississippi) when she attended medical school at Cornell. They married on July 10, 1915, and had four children.[6] They were divorced in 1930, but she kept her married name. Cid Ricketts Sumner went on to become an author, writing books that included Tammy Tell Me True, which was made into the movie Tammy and the Bachelor, and Quality, which became the movie Pinky. Cid Ricketts Sumner was murdered by their grandson, John R. Cutler, in 1970.

In 1931 Sumner married Agnes Lundkvist. In 1943 they divorced; later that year he married Mary Beyer, with whom he had two children.[4]

Research

It was in 1917 at Cornell where Sumner began his research into isolating enzymes in pure form; a feat which had never been achieved before.[4] The enzyme he worked with was urease, which he isolated from jack beans. Sumner's work was unsuccessful for many years and many of his colleagues were doubtful, believing that what he was trying to achieve was impossible, but in 1926 he demonstrated that urease could be isolated and crystallized. He accomplished this by mixing purified urease with acetone and then chilling it; the chilled solution produced crystallized urease.[4] He was also able to show by chemical tests that his pure urease was a protein.[7] This was the first experimental proof that an enzyme is a protein, a controversial question at the time.

His successful research brought him to full professorship at Cornell in 1929. From 1924 on his laboratory was located on the second floor of the new dairy science building, Stocking Hall (today home to Food Science), at Cornell where he did his Nobel Prize–winning research. In 1937 he succeeded in isolating and crystallizing a second enzyme, catalase. By this time, John Howard Northrop of the Rockefeller Institute had obtained other crystalline enzymes by similar methods, starting with pepsin in 1929. It had become clear that Sumner had devised a general crystallization method for enzymes, and also that all enzymes are proteins.

Honors and awards

In 1937, he was given a Guggenheim Fellowship and he spent five months in Sweden working with Professor Theodor Svedberg. Also that year, he was awarded the Scheele Award in Stockholm.

Both Sumner and Northrop, along with Wendell M Stanley, shared the Nobel Prize in 1946 for crystallization of enzymes.[4] In 1947 Sumner became the director of Cornell's enzyme chemistry laboratory.[4] Sumner was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1948.[4] In 1949, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[8]

Death

Sumner died at age 67 of cancer in Buffalo, New York on August 12, 1955.

References

  1. ^ "James Batcheller Sumner | Nobel Prize, Enzyme Crystallization & Protein Chemistry | Britannica".
  2. ^ Harris, Ruth R.; Nirenberg, Marshall W. (1995). "The Harris Interviews" (PDF). National Institutes of Health. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF, 0.2 MB) on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 James B. Sumner - Facts". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Carey, Charles W. (2014-05-14). American Scientists. Infobase Publishing. pp. 354–355. ISBN 9781438108070. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  5. ^ a b c "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 James B. Sumner - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  6. ^ "Cid Ricketts Sumner" Archived 2012-09-20 at the Wayback Machine, Mississippi Artists and Musicians website. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  7. ^ The chemical nature of enzymes (Nobel lecture) See p.117: "It gave tests for protein and possessed a very high urease activity."
  8. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 14 April 2011.

Further reading
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