According to historian Severino da Silva, the ancient name for this region is Parashurama Srushti (creation of Parashurama).[3] According to him and Stephen Fuchs, the name Canara is the invention of Portuguese, Dutch, and English people who visited the area for trade from the early sixteenth century onwards. The Bednore Dynasty, under whose rule this tract was at that time, was known to them as the Kannada Dynasty, i.e., the dynasty speaking the Kannada language. "Karāvalli", the Kannada word for 'coast', is the term used by Kannada-speakers to refer to this region.[4] The letter 'd' being always pronounced like 'r' by the Europeans, the district was named by them as 'Canara' (a corruption of the word "Kannada"). This name was retained by the British after their occupation of the district in 1799, and has remained ever since. However, they also say that this issue is controversial.[4]
History
Since antiquity, much of the Canara coast (now spelled as 'Kanara') occupied a culturally distinct area known as Tulu Nadu.[5] Historically, Tulu Nadu lay between the Gangavalli River in the north and the Chandragiri River in the south.[6] Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka, and the Manjeshwaram taluk of Kerala.[7] The Uttara Kannada district in general is considered to be the southernmost part of the Konkan coast.[8] Specifically, the littoral region north of the Gangavalli River is traditionally included in the Konkan.[9]
The Portuguese occupied Kanara from 1498–1763. During this period, the geographical extent of Canara stretched from the southern banks of the Kali River in Karwar in the north to the northern banks of the Chandragiri River in Kasaragod in the south.[10]
In 1799, after the conclusion of the Fourth Mysore War, the British took over the region and established the Canara district of the Madras Presidency. The district was bifurcated into the North and South Canara districts in 1859.[11] The North Canara (also sometimes cited as 'North Kanara') district was transferred to the Bombay Presidency whereas the South Canara (also sometimes referred as 'South Kanara') district remained under the jurisdiction of the Madras Presidency. South Canara encompassed the undivided territory of the contemporary Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, and Kasaragod districts.[11]
After India's independence in 1947, the Bombay Presidency was reconstituted as the Bombay State. Following the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, the southern portion of Bombay State was added to Mysore State, which was renamed Karnataka in 1972. Kasaragod was included in Kerala.[12] Subsequently, North and South Canara were renamed Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Kannada respectively. In 1997, Udupi district was carved out of the bigger Dakshina Kannada district.[12]
Geography
The Kanara region forms the coast of Karnataka situated on the south-western portion of Peninsular India.[13] Coastal Karnataka forms the northern segment of the Malabar coast.[14] Kanara constitutes an area of about 10,000 square kilometres (4,000 square miles).[15] It is bounded by Konkan to the north, the Western Ghats to the east, the KeralaPlains to the south, and the Arabian Sea to the west.[16] It stretches from north to south for about 225 kilometres (140 miles) and has a maximum width of about 64 kilometres (40 miles) in the south.[17]
^A Konkan is now held to include all the land which lies between the Western Ghats and the Indian Ocean, from the latitude of Daman on the north to that of Terekhol, on the Goa frontier, on the south.[19] Although most sources generally assign Kanara (Karavali) to the Malabar Coast,[15] some other sources consider it to be a subterritory of the Konkan Coast.[20] Consequently, this segment is thought to overlap the Konkan and Malabar Coast continuum;[16] and usually corresponds to the southernmost and northernmost stretches of these locales respectively.[21][17]
Citations
^
Arnold, Alison, ed. (2017). "Coastal Karnataka". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Routledge. ISBN9781351544382. Coastal Karnataka, formerly called the Canara Coast, is the part of Indias southwestern coastline north of Kerala and south of Goa. [sic]
^
Charlesworth, Neil (2001). Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850–1935. Cambridge South Asian Studies. Vol. 32 (revised ed.). CUP. p. 60. ISBN9780521526401.
^Memorandum on Maharashtra-Mysore border dispute to the Commission on Maharashtra-Mysore-Kerala boundary disputes. 1967. Government of Maharashtra. p. 59.
^ ab
Shastry, Bhagamandala Seetharama (2000). Borges, Charles J. (ed.). Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498–1763. XCHR studies series. Vol. 8. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN9788170228486.
^ ab
Pletcher, Kenneth (ed.). "Karnataka Coast". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 19 September 2019. Karnataka Coast, coastal lowlands in western Karnataka state, southwestern India... it is bounded by Konkan to the north... The region forms a transitional zone between Maharashtra (north) and Kerala (south) states.
^
Nairne, Alexander Kyd (1988). History of the Konkan. Asian Educational Services. p. ix. ISBN9788120602755.
^
Turley, Jeffrey Scott; Souza, George Bryan (2017). The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shāh ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain. European Expansion and Indigenous Response. BRILL. pp. 163, 222. ISBN9789004346321. The coastline of the Karnataka region was called Konkan (present-day Karavali) and runs from Thane... to Mangalore. Kanara (Canara or Canera...) is a subregion of Karnataka that forms the southern part of the Konkan coast...
^
Banerjee, Lalit Kumar (2002). Diversity of coastal plant communities in India. ENVIS & EMCBTAP-Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests. p. 6. The South of the river Narmada to Mangalore is known as Konkan coast...
References
Silva, Severine; Fuchs, Stephen (1965). The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara. 2. Vol. 24. Asian Folklore Studies, Nanzan University, Japan.
Silva, Severine (1961). History of Christianity in Canara. Vol. I. Coompta, North Canara: Star of Kanara Press.
Further reading
Michell, George, ed. (2012). Kanara, a Land Apart: The Artistic Heritage of Coastal Karnataka (Illustrated ed.). Marg Foundation. ISBN9788192110639.
