Likud (Hebrew: הַלִּיכּוּד, romanized: HaLikud, lit.'The Consolidation'), officially known as Likud – National Liberal Movement (Hebrew: הַלִּיכּוּד – תנועה לאומית ליברלית, romanized: HaLikud – Tnu'ah Leumit Liberalit), is a major right-wing political party in Israel.[26][27][28] It was founded in 1973 by Menachem Begin and Ariel Sharon in an alliance with several right-wing parties. Likud's landslide victory in the 1977 elections was a major turning point in the country's political history, marking the first time the left had lost power. In addition, it was the first time in Israel that a right-wing party received the most votes.[29] After ruling the country for most of the 1980s, the party lost the Knesset election in 1992. Likud's candidate Benjamin Netanyahu won the vote for prime minister in 1996 and was given the task of forming a government after the 1996 elections following Yitzak Rabin's assassination. Netanyahu's government fell apart after a vote of no confidence, which led to elections being called in 1999 and Likud losing power to the One Israel coalition led by Ehud Barak.
In 2001 Likud's Ariel Sharon, who replaced Netanyahu following the 1999 election, defeated Barak in an election called by the prime minister following his resignation. After the party recorded a convincing win in the 2003 elections, Likud saw a major split in 2005 when Sharon left to form the Kadima party. This resulted in Likud slumping to fourth place in the 2006 elections and losing 28 seats in the Knesset. Following the 2009 elections, Likud was able to gain 15 seats, and, with Netanyahu back in control of the party, formed a coalition with fellow right-wing parties Yisrael Beiteinu and Shas to take control of the government from Kadima, which earned a plurality, but not a majority. Netanyahu served as prime minister from then until 2021. Likud had been the leading vote-getter in each subsequent election until April 2019, when Likud tied with Blue and White[30] and September 2019, when Blue and White won one more seat than the Likud.[31] Likud won the most seats at the 2020[32] and 2021 elections, but Netanyahu was removed from power in June 2021 by an unprecedented coalition led by Yair Lapid and Naftali Bennett.[33][34] He subsequently returned to the office of prime minister after winning the 2022 election.[35]
A member of the party is called a Likudnik (Hebrew: לִכּוּדְנִיק)[36] and the party's election symbol is מחל (Arabic: محل), reflecting the party's origins as an electoral list of several pre-existing parties, including those who used the symbols מ, ח and ל.[37]
History
Formation and leadership of Begin
The Likud was formed on 13 September 1973 as a secular party[38][39] by an alliance of several right-wing parties prior to that year's legislative election—Herut, the Liberal Party, the Free Centre, the National List, and the Movement for Greater Israel. Herut had been the nation's largest right-wing party since growing out of the Irgun in 1948. It had already been in coalition with the Liberals since 1965 as Gahal, with Herut as the senior partner. Herut remained the senior partner in the new grouping, which was given the name Likud, meaning "Consolidation", as it represented the consolidation of the Israeli right.[40] It worked as a coalition under Herut's leadership until 1988, when the member parties merged into a single party under the Likud name.[41] From its establishment in 1973, Likud enjoyed great support from blue-collar Sephardim.[42]
In its first election Likud won 39 seats, reducing the Alignment's lead to 12.[43] The party went on to win the 1977 election with 43 seats, finishing 11 seats ahead of the Alignment. Menachem Begin formed a government with the support of the religious parties, consigning the left wing to opposition for the first time since independence.[44] A former leader of the hard-line paramilitary Irgun,[45] Begin signed the 1978 Camp David Accords[46] and the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty.[47] In the 1981 election, the Likud won 48 seats, but formed a narrower government than in 1977.[48]
Likud has long been a loose alliance between politicians committed to different and sometimes opposing policy preferences and ideologies.[49][50] The 1981 election highlighted divisions that existed between the populist wing of Likud, headed by David Levy of Herut, and the Liberal wing,[51] who represented a policy agenda of the secular bourgeoisie.[49]
Barak's government collapsed in December 2000,[73] several months after the Camp David Summit ended without an agreement,[74] and early elections for Prime Minister were called for February 2001, in which Sharon decisively defeated Barak.[75] In 2002 Netanyahu challenged Sharon in a leadership election, but was defeated.[76][unreliable source?] During Sharon's tenure, Likud faced an internal split due to Sharon's policy of unilateral disengagement from Gaza and parts of the West Bank, which proved extremely divisive within the party.[77]
Sharon and Kadima split
Sharon's Disengagement Plan alienated him from some Likud supporters and fragmented the party.[78] He faced several serious challenges to his authority shortly before his departure. The first was in March 2005, when he and Netanyahu, then his finance minister, proposed a budget plan that met fierce opposition from the opposition and parties to the Likud's right. The plan passed the Knesset's finance committee by a one-vote margin,[79] before being approved by the Knesset by a wider margin later that month.[80] The second was in September 2005, when Sharon's critics in the Likud, led by Netanyahu, forced a vote in the Likud's central committee on a proposal for an early leadership election, which was defeated by 52% to 48%.[81] In November, Sharon's opponents within the Likud joined with the opposition to prevent the appointment of three of his associates to the Cabinet, successfully preventing the appointment of two.[82]
On 20 November 2005 Labor announced its withdrawal from Sharon's governing coalition following the election of the left-wing Amir Peretz as its leader.[83] On 21 November 2005, Sharon announced he would be leaving the Likud and forming a new centrist party, Kadima.[84][85] The new party included both Likud and Labor supporters of unilateral disengagement. Sharon also announced that an election would take place in early 2006. Seven candidates had declared themselves as contenders to replace Sharon as leader: Netanyahu,[86]Uzi Landau,[87]Shaul Mofaz,[88]Yisrael Katz,[89]Silvan Shalom and Moshe Feiglin.[90] Landau and Mofaz later withdrew, the former in favour of Netanyahu[91] and the latter to join Kadima.[92]
Netanyahu's second term
Netanyahu went on to win a leadership election to replace Sharon in December, obtaining 44.4% of the vote. Shalom came in a second with 33%, while far-right candidate Moshe Feiglin achieved 12.4% of the vote.[93][94] Due to Shalom's performance, Netanyahu guaranteed him the second place on the party's list of Knesset candidates.[95] Polls before the 2006 election showed a substantial reduction in the Likud's support, with Kadima achieving a dominant polling lead.[96]
In January 2006 Sharon suffered a stroke that left him in a vegetative state, leading to his replacement as Kadima leader by Ehud Olmert,[97] who led Kadima to victory in the election, winning 29 seats. The Likud experienced a substantial loss in support, coming in fourth place and winning only 12, while other right-wing nationalist parties such as Yisrael Beiteinu, which came within 116 votes of overtaking Likud, gained votes.[98][99] After the election, Netanyahu was re-elected Likud Leader in 2007, defeating Feiglin and World Likud Chairman Danny Danon.[100][101]
Following the opening of several criminal investigations against Olmert,[102] he resigned as prime minister on 21 September 2008 and retired from politics.[103] In the ensuing snap election, held in 2009, Likud won 27 seats, the second-largest number of seats and one seat less than Kadima, now led by Tzipi Livni. However, Likud's allies won enough seats to allow Netanyahu to form a government, which included Likud, Yisrael Beiteinu, Shas, United Torah Judaism, The Jewish Home, and Labor.[104][105] Labor left the coalition in 2011 after party leader Ehud Barak left to form his own party, Independence, that remained a member of Netanyahu's government.[106] The next year, Netanyahu was re-elected as Likud leader, defeating Moshe Feiglin.[107] Kadima then joined the coalition in May 2012 before leaving in July.[108] Following Kadima's withdrawal from the government and amid disagreements related to the 2013 budget, the Knesset was dissolved in October 2012 and a snap election was called for January 2013.[109]
Partnership with Yisrael Beitenu and 2015 election
Several days after the election was called on 25 October 2012, Netanyahu and Yisrael Beitenu leader Avigdor Lieberman announced that their respective political parties would run together on a single ballot in the election under the name Likud Yisrael Beiteinu.[110] The move led to speculation that Lieberman would eventually seek the leadership of Likud after he stated that he "wanted to become the Prime Minister".[111] Several days before the election, Lieberman said the parties would not merge, and that their direct partnership would end after the election.[112] The partnership ultimately lasted until July 2014, when it officially dissolved.[113]
In the 2013 elections the Likud–Yisrael Beiteinu alliance won 31 seats, 20 of which were Likud members.[114] The second largest party, Yair Lapid's Yesh Atid, won 19.[115] Netanyahu continued as prime minister after forming a coalition with Yesh Atid, the Jewish Home, and Hatnuah.[116] The government collapsed in December 2014 due to disagreements over the budget and the proposed Nation-state bill,[117][118] triggering a snap election the next year.[119]
Likud won the 2015 election, defeating the Zionist Union, an alliance of Labor and Hatnuah, winning 30 seats to the Zionist Union's 24.[120] The party subsequently formed a government with United Torah Judaism, Shas, Kulanu, and the Jewish Home.[121] In May 2016, Yisrael Beitenu joined the government,[122] before leaving in December 2018, causing Netanyahu to call a snap election for April 2019.[123]
During the September 2019 Israeli legislative election campaign, Likud agreed to a deal with Zehut, whereby the latter party would drop out of the election and endorse Likud in exchange for a ministerial post for its leader, Moshe Feiglin, as well as policy concessions.[126]
Prior to the 2021 Israeli legislative election, Gesher merged into Likud, receiving a slot on its electoral list.[129] 2021 marked the first time that Likud put a Muslim on its slate, choosing Muslim school principal Nail Zoabi for 39th on its slate.[130]
Likud also facilitated the formation of a joint list between the Religious Zionist Party, Otzma Yehudit and Noam by providing the Religious Zionist Party a slot on the Likud list.[131] On 14 June, after the swearing-in of the 36th government, Ofir Sofer who held the slot, split from the Likud faction and returned to the Religious Zionist Party, decreasing the Likud faction by one to 29 seats in the Knesset.[132][133]
Likud emphasizes national security policy based on a strong military force when threatened with continued enmity against Israel. It has shown reluctance to negotiate with its neighbors whom it believes continue to seek the destruction of the Jewish state, that based on the principle of the party founder Menachem Begin concerning the preventive policy to any potential attacks on State of Israel. Its suspicion of neighboring Arab nations' intentions, however, has not prevented the party from reaching agreements with Israel's neighbors, such as the 1979 peace treaty with Egypt. Likud's willingness to enter mutually accepted agreements with neighboring countries over the years is related to the formation of other right-wing parties. Like other right-wing parties in Israel, Likud politicians have sometimes criticized particular Supreme Court decisions, but it remains committed to rule of law principles that it hopes to entrench in a written constitution.[27]
As of 2014[update], the party remains divided between moderates and hard-liners.[135]
Likud is considered to be the leading party in the national camp in Israeli politics.[136]
The 1999 Likud Party platform emphasized the right of settlement:
The Jewish communities in Judea, Samaria, and Gaza are the realization of Zionist values. Settlement of the land is a clear expression of the unassailable right of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel and constitutes an important asset in the defense of the vital interests of the State of Israel. The Likud will continue to strengthen and develop these communities and will prevent their uprooting.[139]
Similarly, they claim the Jordan River as the permanent eastern border to Israel and it also claims Jerusalem as belonging to Israel.
The 'Peace & Security' chapter of the 1999 Likud Party platform rejects a Palestinian state:
The Government of Israel flatly rejects the establishment of a Palestinian Arab state west of the Jordan river. The Palestinians can run their lives freely in the framework of self-rule, but not as an independent and sovereign state. Thus, for example, in matters of foreign affairs, security, immigration, and ecology, their activity shall be limited in accordance with imperatives of Israel's existence, security and national needs.[139]
With Likud back in power, starting in 2009, Israeli foreign policy is still under review. Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu, in his "National Security" platform, neither endorsed nor ruled out the idea of a Palestinian state.[140] According to Time, "Netanyahu has hinted that he does not oppose the creation of a Palestinian state, but aides say he must move cautiously because his religious-nationalist coalition partners refuse to give away land."[141]
However, on 16 March 2015, Netanyahu stated in the affirmative, that if he were elected, a Palestinian state would not be created.[143] Netanyahu argued, "anyone who goes to create today a Palestinian state and turns over land, is turning over land that will be used as a launching ground for attacks by Islamist extremists against the State of Israel."[143] Some take these statements to mean that Netanyahu and Likud oppose a Palestinian state. After having been criticised by U.S. White House Spokesperson Josh Earnest for the "divisive rhetoric" of his election campaign, on 19 March 2015, Netanyahu retreated to "I don't want a one-state solution. I want a peaceful, sustainable two-state solution. I have not changed my policy."[144]
The Likud Constitution[145] of May 2014 is more vague and ambiguous. Though it contains commitments to the strengthening of Jewish settlement in the West Bank, it does not explicitly rule out the establishment of a Palestinian state.[citation needed]
Economy
The Likud party claims to support a free marketcapitalist and liberal agenda, though, in practice, it has mostly adopted mixed economic policies. Under the guidance of finance minister and current party leader Benjamin Netanyahu, Likud pushed through legislation reducing value added tax (VAT), income and corporate taxes significantly, as well as customs duty. Likewise, it has instituted free trade (especially with the European Union and the United States) and dismantled certain monopolies (Bezeq and the seaports). Additionally, it has privatized numerous government-owned companies (e.g. El Al and Bank Leumi), and has moved to privatize land in Israel, which until now has been held symbolically by the state in the name of the Jewish people. Netanyahu was the most ardent free-market Israeli finance minister to date. He argued that Israel's largest labor union, the Histadrut, has so much power as to be capable of paralyzing the Israeli economy, and claimed that the main causes of unemployment are laziness and excessive benefits to the unemployed.[citation needed] Under Netanyahu, Likud has and is likely to maintain a comparatively fiscally conservative economic stance. However, the party's economic policies vary widely among members, with some Likud MKs supporting more leftist economic positions that are more in line with popular preferences.[146]
Likud has historically espoused opposition to Palestinian statehood and support of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. However, it has also been the party that carried out the first peace agreements with Arab states. For instance, in 1979, Likud prime minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords with Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat, which returned the Sinai Peninsula (occupied by Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967) to Egypt in return for peace between the two countries. Yitzhak Shamir was the first Israeli prime minister to meet Palestinian leaders at the Madrid Conference following the Persian Gulf War in 1991. However, Shamir refused to concede the idea of a Palestinian state, and as a result was blamed by some (including United States Secretary of StateJames Baker) for the failure of the summit. On 14 June 2009, as Prime Minister Netanyahu gave a speech at Bar-Ilan University in which he endorsed a "Demilitarized Palestinian State", though said that Jerusalem must remain the unified capital of Israel.[citation needed]
In 2002, during the Second Intifada, Israel's Likud-led government reoccupied Palestinian towns and refugee camps in the West Bank. In 2005 Ariel Sharon defied the recent tendencies of Likud and abandoned the policy of seeking to settle in the West Bank and Gaza. Though re-elected Prime Minister on a platform of no unilateral withdrawals, Sharon carried out the Gaza disengagement plan, withdrawing from the Gaza Strip, as well as four settlements in the northern West Bank. Though losing a referendum among Likud registered voters, Sharon achieved government approval of this policy by firing most of the cabinet members who opposed the plan before the vote.[citation needed]
Sharon and the faction who supported his disengagement proposals left the Likud party after the disengagement and created the new Kadima party. This new party supported unilateral disengagement from most of the West Bank and the fixing of borders by the Israeli West Bank barrier. The basic premise of the policy was that the Israelis have no viable negotiating partner on the Palestinian side, and since they cannot remain in indefinite occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, Israel should unilaterally withdraw.[citation needed]
Netanyahu, who was elected as the new leader of Likud after Kadima's creation, and Silvan Shalom, the runner-up, both supported the disengagement plan;[147][148] however, Netanyahu resigned his ministerial post before the plan was executed. Most current Likud members support the Jewish settlements in the West Bank and oppose Palestinian statehood and the disengagement from Gaza.[citation needed]
Anyone who wants to thwart the establishment of a Palestinian state has to support bolstering Hamas and transferring money to Hamas. This is part of our strategy – to isolate the Palestinians in Gaza from the Palestinians in the West Bank.
Although settlement activity has continued under recent Likud governments, much of the activity outside the major settlement blocs has been to accommodate the Jewish Home, a coalition partner; support within Likud to build outside the blocs is not particularly strong.[151][152]
Likud, under Netanyahu, is alleged to have intentionally propped up the rule of Hamas in Gaza as a means of dividing the Palestinians politically and using Palestinian extremism drawing the peace process away from a two-state solution.[149]
In the 2019 elections Likud was widely criticized as a "racist party" after scaremongering anti-Arab rhetoric by its members as well as Netanyahu who claimed minority Arabs and Palestinians in Israel as "threats" and "enemies".[153][154][155]
Likud generally advocates free enterprise and nationalism, but it has sometimes compromised these ideals in practice, especially as its constituency has changed. Its support for populist economic programs are at odds with its free enterprise tradition, but are meant to serve its largely nationalistic, lower-income voters in small towns and urban neighborhoods.[156][157]
On religion and state, Likud has a moderate stance,[157] and supports the preservation of status quo. With time, the party has played into the traditional sympathies of its voter base, though the origins and ideology of Likud are secular.[158] Religious parties have come to view it as a more comfortable coalition partner than Labor.[157]
Likud promotes a revival of Jewish culture, in keeping with the principles of Revisionist Zionism. Likud emphasizes such Israeli nationalist themes as the use of the Israeli flag and the victory in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In July 2018, Likud lawmakers voted a controversial Nation-State bill into law which declares Israel as the "nation-state of the Jewish people".[159][160]
Likud publicly endorses press freedom and promotion of private sector media, which has grown markedly under governments Likud has led. A Likud government headed by Ariel Sharon, however, closed the popular right-wingpirate radio station Arutz Sheva ("Channel 7"). Arutz Sheva was popular with the Jewish settler movement and often criticised the government from a right-wing perspective.[citation needed]
Historically, the Likud and its pre-1948 predecessor, the Revisionist movement advocated secular nationalism. However, the Likud's first prime minister and long-time leader Menachem Begin, though secular himself, cultivated a warm attitude to Jewish tradition and appreciation for traditionally religious Jews—especially from North Africa and the Middle East. This segment of the Israeli population first brought the Likud to power in 1977. Many Orthodox Israelis find the Likud a more congenial party than any other mainstream party, and in recent years also a large group of Haredim, mostly modern Haredim, joined the party and established the Haredi faction in the Likud.[citation needed]
Foreign policy
Since the 1990s, Likud has advocated a hardline stance against Iran and its proxy militias such as the Lebanese Hezbollah.[161][162]
The Likud government during the 2010s advocated closer ties with Japan, China and India, in order to reduce Israel's dependency on Western Europe.[169] In 2017 Netanyahu described closer Israeli alignment with China as a "marriage made in heaven".[170] Likud has also maintained connections with the ruling political party in India, the Bharatiya Janata Party.[171]
Likud governments have pursued close ties with the Republican Party in the United States, leading to a perception of preference for the Republicans over the rival Democratic Party.[172][173] In 2015 Netanyahu delivered an address to the Republican-held United States Congress without consulting the Democrat presidential administration at the time.[174]
The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 drew criticism from the Likud foreign minister Ariel Sharon, who described it as "brutal interventionism".[175] Relations between Serbia and Israel improved during the Netanyahu-led Likud government of the 2010s.[176] Likud has had long-term political ties to the Hungarian ruling party Fidesz, which has led to warm diplomatic relations between Netanyahu's Likud governments and the Hungarian governments of Viktor Orbán.[177]
During Begin's tenure as leader of Herut/Likud, his leadership was effectively unchallenged.[71] From 1983 through 1992, Herut/Likud elected its party leaders through votes held in party agencies.[71] The 1983 and 1984 Herut leadership elections were undertaken through a vote of Herut's Central Committee.[71] The day after Yitzhak Shamir won the 1983 secret ballot vote of the Herut Central Committee to obtain Herut's party leadership, the party leaders of the other Likud coalition member parties announced that they agreed to have Shamir lead the Likud coalition.[192]
The 1992 Likud leadership election was the first held after Likud became a unified party. The 1992 leadership election was held as a vote of the Likud Central Committee.[71] After 1992, the party moved to electing its leaders through votes of its general membership, with the first such vote taking place in 1993.[71]
Prior to the 2006 election, the Likud's Central Committee relinquished control of selecting the Knesset list to the "rank and file" members at Netanyahu's behest.[193] The aim was to improve the party's reputation, as the central committee had gained a reputation for corruption.[194]
Current MKs
Likud currently has 32 Knesset members. They are listed below in the order that they appeared on the party's list for the 2022 elections.
Deputy DG, head of the Municipal Division, head of the Computer Division: Zuri Siso[195]
Manager of the Likud Chairman's Office: Hanni Blaivais[195]
Director of Foreign Affairs and Likud spokesperson: Eli Hazan[196]
Likud Central Committee
The Central Committee decides on all matters between party conferences, with the exceptions of matters designated to another organ. As of 2022[update], the chairman of the Central Committee is Haim Katz.[197]
The Central Committee has a considerable number of members. For example, in one vote, 3,050 members took part in 2005.[198]
Likud Secretariat
The secretariat is the body that elects the director general of the part and the heads various departments. It defines their powers and supervises their activities. As of 2022[update] the chairman of the secretariat is Haim Katz.[197]
Likud Court
The Court is the supreme judicial organ in all matters of the party.[197]
Legal Advisor
The Legal Advisor advises the party and its bodies in the matters of the state law and the Party constitution and represents the party before external authorities.[197] The Legal Advisor has a significant power and may overturn the decisions of most of the party bodies, including the Central Committee.[199] As of 2022[update] the Legal Advisor of the Likud Movement is Avi Halevy.[197]
Daniel Tauber (13 August 2010). "Ze'ev Jabotinsky (1880-1940)". Likud Anglos. Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. Jabotinsky's movement and teachings, which can be characterized as national-liberalism, form the foundation of the Likud party.
McGann, James G.; Johnson, Erik C. (2005). Comparative Think Tanks, Politics and Public Policy. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 241. ISBN978-1-78195-899-5. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2016. The Likud Party, the party of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, is a national-liberal party, while the Labor Party, led by Shimon Peres, is more left-wing and identified as social-democratic.
"Meet the parties – Likud". Haaretz. 2015. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2015. A national-liberal political movement (center-right, in Israeli terms) that was established as an alliance of parties that united into a single party in 1984.
^Watzal, Ludwig (1999). Peace Enemies The Past and Present Conflict Between Israel and Palestine. PASSIA. p. 28.
^"Israel: Cracks in the Facade". Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. 23 January 2023. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. Benjamin Netanyahu's national-conservative party Likud
^Amnon Rapoport (1990). Experimental Studies of Interactive Decisions. Kluwer Academic. p. 413. ISBN978-0-7923-0685-6. Likud is a liberal-conservative party that gains much of its support from the lower and middle classes, and promotes free enterprise, nationalism, and expansionism.
^Joel Greenberg (22 November 1998). "The World: Pursuing Peace; Netanyahu and His Party Turn Away from 'Greater Israel'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2015. Likud, despite defections, had joined Labor in accepting the inevitability of territorial compromise.... Revolutionary as it may seem, Likud's abandonment of its maximalist vision has in fact been evolving for years.
^Ethan Bronner (20 February 2009). "Netanyahu, Once Hawkish, Now Touts Pragmatism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2015. Likud as a party has made a major transformation in the last 15 years from being rigidly committed to retaining all the land of Israel to looking pragmatically at how to retain for Israel defensible borders in a very uncertain Middle East....
^"Israel: New Netanyahu government vows to expand settlements". Deutsche Welle. 28 December 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. Benjamin Netanyahu's right-wing Likud Party announced its key policy priorities for the new Israeli government on Wednesday, with settlement expansion at the top of the list.
^"Senior member of Netanyahu's party breaks away as Israeli election beckons". Reuters. 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. A prominent rival of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in the right-wing Likud party announced on Tuesday a breakaway bid aimed at defeating the Israeli leader in a looming early national election.,
^ abBaskin, Judith Reesa, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 304. ISBN978-0-521-82597-9. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2015. To overcome Labor Party dominance, the bulk of center-right parties formed Likud.... In the early twenty-first century, Likud remains a major factor in the center-right political bloc.
^Rabinovich, Itamar; Reinharz, Jehuda, eds. (2008). Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present. Brandeis University Press. p. 462.
^Freedman, Robert Owen. Israel in the Begin Era. Praeger. p. 25. These divisions were especially underscored in the 1981 elections. During the Likud's first period in power there was a continuous conflict between the populist wing of the Likud, headed by David Levi of Herut, and the Liberal wing, along with...
^LaBelle, G. G. (25 March 1993). "Israel's Likud set to pick new leader". The News Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^Bar-Gefen, Linoy (10 December 2000). ברק הגיש בצהריים את התפטרותו. ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
^Mualem, Mazal; Alon, Gideon (7 November 2005). שרון נכשל בכנסת , אולמרט אושר בנפרד. Haaretz (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^Marciano, Ilan; Somfalvi, Attila (20 November 2005). שרון החליט לפרוש מהליכוד. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^Somfalvi, Attila (27 November 2005). נתניהו פותח את הקמפיין להנהגת הליכוד [Netanyahu begins campaign for leadership of the Likud]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
^Somfalvi, Attila (9 August 2005). לנדאו הכריז על מועמדותו לראשות הליכוד [Landau has announced his candidacy for the chairmanship of the Likud]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
^Somfalvi, Attila (24 November 2005). מרכז הליכוד אישר: הפריימריז בחודש הבא [The Likud's central committee has confirmed: Primaries will happen next month]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
^Ynet, כתבי (11 December 2005). כץ על עזיבת מופז: "מכה לאמינות הפוליטיקאים" [Katz on Mofaz's departure: "A blow to trust in politicians"]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
^Hasson, Miri (30 November 2005). פייגלין הודיע שיתמודד בליכוד: "צריך מסורת" [Feiglin announced he would run in the Likud: "Tradition is Needed"]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
^Marciano, Ilan; Somfalvi, Attila (5 December 2005). עוזי לנדאו פורש מהמירוץ, תומך בנתניהו [Uzi Landau withdraws from race, supports Netanyahu]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
^Sofer, Roni (11 December 2005). מופז עוזב את הליכוד, עובר לקדימה [Mofaz leaves Likud, moves to Kadima]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
^Marciano, Ilan; Somfalvi, Attila (19 December 2005). נתניהו: נחזור להנהגה, כולנו הולכים קדימה [Netanyahu: we will return to leadership, we are all moving forwards]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^"Times of Israel". Knesset votes to dissolve, sets new elections for March 17. 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
^Josef Federman (2 December 2014). "Israeli government crumbles; new election planned". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015. Netanyahu's own Likud party is divided between more-centrist old timers and a young guard of hard-line ideologues.
^Shamir, Michal (2017). The Elections in Israel 2015. Taylor & Francis. p. 77.
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