^Melnyk, Mykola (2022). Byzantium and the Pechenegs. István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.
^Borjian, Habib (2008). The Extinct Language of Gurgān: Its Sources and Origins. p. 681. Hence, Gurgani must have died out sometime after the fifteenth but certainly before the nineteenth century
^Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. p. 393. time period:Fourth to fifth century c.E.
^"Inku". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2024-10-19. Last speakers probably survived into the 1990s.
^Kakar, Hasan Kawun (2014). Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan (5 ed.). University of Texas Press. ISBN9780292729001.
^Dagikhudo, Dagiev; Carole, Faucher (2018). Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia. Andreev explains that 100 years ago there was an ancient Vanji language used by people of Vanj valley. He then provides as example that in 1925, when travelling to Vanj Valley, him and his travel companion met an old man who told that, when he was 11 years old, he was speaking Vanji language. Unfortunately, the old man could remember only 20-30 words, but even then, he was not sure if they were all correct.
^Brenzinger, Matthias (2007). Language Diversity Endangered. ... "Two ... Wot (Wotapuri - Katarqalai). Of the latter we can witness how the process of extinction has moved on inexorably in the course of the twentieth century. In the 1940's Morgenstierne reported that Wot was spoken in two villages in the Katar valley, one at Wotapuri at the confluence of the Pech river with the streams coming from the valley, one further up the valley in Katarqalai. 15 years later Budruss (1960) visited both villages found no speakers of the language in the lower village, Pashto having completely replaced it, and in the upper one only a few passive speakers who remember having spoken the language in their earlier years.
^ abMarsh, Mikell Alan (1977). FAVORLANG-PAZEH-SAISIAT: A PUTATIVE FORMOSAN SUBGROUP. p. 2. Taokas and Luilang might also be associated with this FPS subgroup, but available data on these now-extinct languages are too limited to determine this with any surety.
^Finke, Peter (1999). "The Kazaks of western Mongolia". In Svanberg, Ingvar (ed.). Contemporary Kazaks: Cultural and Social Perspectives. London: Curzon. p. 109. ISBN0-7007-1115-5. Khoton are a small Muslim minority of 6,000. They are settled in Taryalan-sum in the western part of the Uvs-aymag and are thought to have spoken a Turkic language up until the nineteenth century.
^"iso639-3/fos". Retrieved 2024-05-21. Siraya is a Formosan language spoken until the end of the 19th century by the indigenous Siraya people of Taiwan.
^"Taivoan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2024-10-19. The last known speaker died near the end of the 1800s.
^Alexander Vovin (2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. p. 1,6. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
^Shimunek, Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN978-3-447-10855-3. OCLC993110372.
^Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh K. (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. p. 164. The inscriptions of Asoka - a king of the Maurya dynasty who reigned, based in his capital Pataliputra, from 268 to 232 BC over almost the whole of India - were engraved in rocks and pillars, in various local dialects.
^"KHAROSTHI MANUSCRIPTS: A WINDOW ON GANDHARAN BUDDHISM". Retrieved 2024-05-13. ... the Kharosthi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D.
^Jacquesson, François (2017). "The linguistic reconstruction of the past The case of the Boro-Garo languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40 (1). Translated by van Breugel, Seino: 108. doi:10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van. A second more dramatic example is P.R. Gurdon's 1904 article 'The Morans' in the same journal. ... The census returned 78 speakers in 1901, 24 in 1911 and none in 1931.
^"Paisaci Prakrit". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-12. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD, though it was probably spoken as early as the 5th century BC.
^George van Driem (May 2007). Matthias Brenzinger (ed.). "Endangered Languages of South Asia". Handbook of Endangered Languages: 303. Retrieved 20 October 2024. Rangkas was recorded in the Western Himalayas as recently as the beginning of the 20th century, but is now extinct.
^"iso639-3/psu". Retrieved 2024-06-23. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD...
^"Ata". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2013-05-20. Retrieved 2024-10-19. 2 (Wurm 2000). In 1973, only a few families of speakers were reported. Probably extinct (Wurm 2007).
^ abcdefGeorge van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN90-04-12062-9, ... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
^Lobel, Jason William. "Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction"(PDF). p. 98. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 2024-08-14. SIL linguist Richard Roe contacted this group in 1957 and took a word list of 291 words. They lived on the Dicamay River on the western side of the Sierra Madre near Jones, Isabela. Roe told me that there was only one family there then. In November 1974, after talking with Roe and with a copy of his wordlist in hand, I went to Jones to see if I could find the Agta who spoke this language. I was unable to find them. We talked to many Filipinos in the area, but they all said they had not seen any Negritos for several years. Some people whispered to me that migrant Ilokano homesteaders had killed a number of the Agta a few years ago.
^"Hoti". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2024-11-17. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007).
^"Hpon". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2024-10-19. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s
^ abcde"11 Indigenous Languages Declared Extinct: Education Ministry". Jakarta Globe. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024. Muksin specifically mentioned 11 extinct indigenous languages, such as Tandia and Mawes in West Papua and Papua, along with Kajeli, Piru, Moksela, Palumata, Ternateno, Hukumina, Hoti, Serua, and Nila in different areas of Maluku.
^Lobel, Jason William. "Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction"(PDF). p. 92. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 2024-08-14. While the Katabangan of Catanauan exists in name as a group, a visit to the group in 2006 confirmed that none of the Katabangan speak any language natively other than Tagalog, nor is there any recollection of their ancestors speaking any other language.
^"iso639-3/kzl". Retrieved 2024-05-17. The last speaker of the Leliali dialect died in 1989
^"Sabüm". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2024-10-19. The last speaker survived into the late 1970s (Benjamin 1976).
^"Taman". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2011-12-17. Retrieved 2024-06-12. Reportedly the last speaker of Taman died in the 1990s.
^Mark Donohue (2007). "The Papuan Language of Tambora". Oceanic Linguistics. 46 (2). JSTOR: 520–537. doi:10.1353/ol.2008.0014. JSTOR20172326. Retrieved 2024-05-07. ...the language, along with its speakers, was lost in a gigantic volcanic eruption, the most cataclysmic in historic times in April 1815.
^Haarmann, Harald. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (in German). p. 188.
^Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (31 Mar 2023). The Uralic Languages. Maksim Sivtorov passed away in early 2018, and Eastern Mansi is thus the latest Uralic language to become extinct.
^Stern, Dieter (2005). "Taimyr Pidgin Russian (Govorka)". Russian Linguistics. 29 (3). JSTOR: 289–318. doi:10.1007/s11185-005-8376-3. ISSN0304-3487. JSTOR40160794. Retrieved 2024-08-25. These are the Norwegian-Russian pidgin known as Russenorsk, Chinese Pidgin Russian and Taimyr Pidgin Russian (TPR). Brief remarks in travel accounts and elsewhere indicate the existence of other Russian pidgins, such as Chukotka Pidgin Russian and Kamchatka Pidgin Russian. None of these, however, have been documented or described. In the case of the documented pidgins, the extent of the text samples is far from being exhaustive. With the exception of TPR, further documentation seems no longer possible, however, as the pidgins in question are extinct by now.
^Stern, Dieter (2020). "Russian Pidgin Languages". p. 3. Retrieved 2024-08-25. With the dissolution of the Russian emigré community in Harbin starting with the foundation of Manchukuo in 1932, and the expulsion of the Chinese from the Soviet Union in the late 1930s, CPR lost its remaining functional domains and went extinct.
^"Chulym Turkic". Retrieved 2024-11-13. Currently, the Lower Chulym dialect is considered extinct (the last speaker, according to Valeria Lemskaya, died in 2011).
^"Mator". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-07. Mator or Motor was a Uralic language belonging to the group of Samoyedic languages, extinct since the 1840s.
^Wilson, Samuel M. "Cultures in Contact"(PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-08. In 1994, Take Asai died at the age of 102. She was the last native speaker of Sakhalin Ainu
^"Sirenik". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07. In January 1997 the last native speaker of the language, a woman named Vyie (Valentina Wye) died.
^Salminen, Tapani (2023). "Demography, endangerment, and revitalization". In Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.). The Uralic languages. Routledge Language Family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. p. 103. ISBN978-1-138-65084-8.
^Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (31 Mar 2023). The Uralic Languages. Southern Mansi, whose aboriginal territory covered a vast area including parts of easternmost Europe, is undoubtedly the Mansi language that was first to become extinct. When that happened can only be estimated on the basis of the records of Kannisto and others, which show that shift to both Russian and Siberian Tatar was progressing rapidly at the beginning of the twentieth century, leading to the conclusion that the language probably survived until the middle decades.
^Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (31 Mar 2023). The Uralic Languages. Although we do not know the time of the death of the last speaker of Western Mansi, it does indeed seem certain that there were none left by the end of the twentieth century
^Cooper, Eric; Decker, Michael J. (2012). Life And Society In Byzantine Cappadocia. p. 14. The echoes of native Cappadocian could be heard into the sixth century and perhaps beyond.
^Ivantchik, A.I. (2001). The current state of the Cimmerian problem. The development of the Classical tradition on the subject of the Cimmerians after their disappearance from the historical arena, no later than the very end of the 7th or very beginning of the 6th century BC
^"Dadanitic". Retrieved 2024-05-10. Dadanitic was the alphabet used by the inhabitants of the ancient oasis of Dadan, probably some time during the second half of the first millennium BC.
^Mehdi Marashi, Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Persian studies in North America: studies in honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Ibex Publishers, Inc., 1994, ISBN0-936347-35-X, 9780936347356, p. 269.
^Jean Jacques Glassner (2013-10-28). "Dilmun, Magan and Meluhha". In Julian Reade (ed.). The Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN9781136155314. In short, the anthroponyms and the remnants of the language show that at the beginning of the second millennium the people of Dilmun was a Semitic one.
^"Dumaitic". Retrieved 2024-05-10. According to the Assyrian annals Dūma was the seat of successive queens of the Arabs, some of whom were also priestesses, in the eighth and seventh centuries BC.
^"Galatian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-06. Perhaps from the late 1st millenium BC, and spoken until the 6th century AD, according to Greek Historians.
^"Kassites". Crystalinks. Retrieved 15 August 2024. Kassite (Cassite) was a language spoken by Kassites in northern Mesopotamia from approximately the 18th to the 4th century BC.
^Stilo, D. L. (1994). Phonological systems in contact in Iran and Transcaucasia. Ibex Publishers, Inc. p. 90. As to the present status of Kilit, it is a moribund, or more likely extinct, language mentioned and transcribed two or three times by nonlinguists from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. The last known data collected was in the 1950s when speakers numbered only a few old men using it probably only as a trade jargon or secret language.
^Gulnar Nadirova Logo. "STATUS OF THE KYPCHAK LANGUAGE IN MAMLUK EGYPT: LANGUAGE - BARRIER OR LANGUAGE - CONTACT?". p. 59. Retrieved 25 April 2024. Even towards the end of the Mamluk period, during the reign of the last sultan al-Ghawri (1501-1516), the Mamluk, called Asanbay min Sudun, copied the religious Hanbali tract of Abu al-Layth in Kypchak language for the royal library.
^"The Neo-Aramaic Languages"(PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-08. Ibrahim Ḥanna was the last speaker of the Mlaḥso language, as the village was destroyed in 1915 during the Armenian genocide. He died in 1999 in Qāmišli in Syria
^Frank Moore Cross, "A Philistine Ostracon From Ashkelon", BAR22 (January–February 1996:64–65).
^Maeir, Aren M.; Hitchcock, Louise A. "The Appearance, Formation and Transformation of Philistine Culture: New Perspectives and New Finds". Retrieved 2024-08-13. Thereafter, accordingly, over a period of approximately two centuries, this culture became increasingly influenced by the local, Levantine cultures until somewhere in the IA IIA (sometime after 1000 BCE), the unique, foreign attributes of the Philistine culture disappeared.
^Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN0-19-924506-1. The last mention of Phrygian in use dates from the fifth century AD.
^"Sumerian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 2024-03-05. The language continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language until the 1st century AD.
