List of massacres in France
The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in France (numbers may be approximate):
Celtic Gaul
Roman Gaul
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Perpetrators
Notes
Sack of Metz
7 April 451
Metz
Unknown
Huns
City sacked and burned and all inhabitants killed by Hun troops under Attila
Merovingian Francia
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Perpetrators
Notes
Vienne massacre
501
Vienne
Unknown
Forces of Gundobad and Godegisel
Townspeople slaughtered during battle between competing Burgundian factions. Hostile Gallo-Roman senators and Godegisel's supporters executed by Gundobad's troops.
Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges massacre
585
Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges
Unknown
Kingdom of Orléans
All inhabitants, including priests, put to the sword by royal troops of Guntram
Carolingian Francia
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Perpetrators
Notes
Siege of Clermont (761)
761
Clermont
Unknown
Royal Frankish Army
Men, women and children burned alive by Frankish army of King Pepin the Short .
Sack of Nantes
24 June 843
Nantes
Unknown
Vikings
Town population and monks massacred and burned alive in a church by raiding Vikings. Others captured as slaves.
Marmoutier massacre
853
Marmoutier Abbey
126
Vikings
126 monks killed by Vikings. 20 survivors escaped.
Capetian France
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Perpetrators
Notes
Orléans heresy
28 December 1022
Orléans
10–20
Robert II the Pious
10–20 priests, nuns and lay people burned at the stake on orders of King Robert II of France
Rouen massacre
September 1096
Rouen
Unknown
Crusaders
Jews of Rouen rounded up in the synagogue and systematically massacred by Crusaders
Tournai-sur-Dive massacre
1105
Tournai-sur-Dive
45
Troops of Robert of Bellême
45 people burned alive in a church by forces of Robert of Bellême
Bougy-sur-Risle massacre
1136
Romilly-la-Puthenaye
Unknown
Troops of Waleran and Robert de Beaumont
Men and women burned alive in a church by forces of Waleran and Robert de Beaumont
Vitry massacre
1142
Vitry-en-Perthois
1,300
Royal Army
1,300 people burned alive in a church by forces of King Louis VII of France
Ham massacre
1143
Ham
150
Unknown
150 Jews massacred
Vézelay massacre
1167
Vézelay
7
Abbot of Vézelay
Seven Burgundian Cathars burned at the stake
Blois massacre
26 May 1171
Blois
31
Soldiers of Theobald V, Count of Blois
31 Jews, including 17 women, locked in and burned alive in a house by Theobald V, Count of Blois on accusations of blood libel
Bray-sur-Seine massacre
18 March 1192
Bray-sur-Seine
80
Royal Army
80 Jews burned by French troops, acting on command of King Philip II of France
Massacre at Béziers
22 July 1209
Béziers
20,000
Crusaders
First major military action of the Albigensian Crusade .
Siege of Minerve
22 July 1210
Minerve
140
Crusaders
Cathars burned at the stake by Crusaders.
Alayrac massacre
1210
Alayrac
Unknown
Crusaders
Stronghold garrison captured and massacred by Crusaders[ 3]
Lavaur massacre
3 May 1211
Lavaur
480
Crusaders
80 knights hanged and stabbed to death, 400 Cathars burned by Crusaders
Les Cassés massacre
20 May 1211
Les Cassés
60–94
Crusaders
60–94 Cathars burned alive by Simon de Montfort 's Crusaders[ 4]
Saint Marcel massacre
12 May 1212
Saint–Marcel
28
Crusaders
28 male civilians killed or drowned by Crusaders
Lavelanet massacre
1212
Lavelanet
Unknown
Crusaders
Inhabitants put to the sword by Crusader forces under Guy de Montfort, Lord of Sidon
Moissac massacre
8 September 1212
Moissac
300
Crusaders
300 garrison soldiers executed without trial by Crusaders
Pujol massacre
May 1213
Sainte-Foy-d'Aigrefeuille
60
Toulousain militia
60 Crusaders killed in Pujol Castle by mob of soldiers under Roger-Bernard
Casseneuil massacre
18 August 1214
Casseneuil
Unknown
Crusaders
Population and garrison massacred
Massacre at Marmande
10 June 1219
Marmande
5,000
Royal Army
All men, women and children in the town killed with swords and the town razed and burned to the ground by royal army under prince Louis .
Labécède massacre
1227
Labécède
Unknown
Crusaders
Men killed and Cathar Perfect burnt to death by Crusader forces of Humbert V de Beaujeu
Moissac massacre
1234
Moissac
210
Papal Inquisition
210 Cathars burned at the stake by Inquisitors William Arnald and Peter Seila
Jewish massacres
July 1236
Poitou , Anjou and Brittany
2,500–3,000
Crusaders
Jews killed by Crusaders
Montwimer massacre
29 May 1239
Montwimer
183
Papal Inquisition/Crusaders
183 Cathars burned at the stake by Robert le Bougre and Thibaut IV of Champagne
Carcassonne massacre
8 September 1240
Carcassonne
33
Army of Raymond II Trencavel
33 clerics massacred by forces of Trencavel after being promised safe passage from the besieged city.
Avignonet massacre
28 May 1242
Avignonet
11
Cathars
Two Inquisitors and their nine followers massacred in their sleep by Cathar rebels under Pierre-Roger de Mirepoix
Siege of Montségur
16 March 1244
Château de Montségur
210–215
Royal Army
Cathars burned in a bonfire by the Royal Army.
Agen massacre
1249
Agen
80
Papal Inquisition
80 heretics burned at the stake
Dijon massacre
1251
Dijon
139
Shepherd Crusaders
139 Jews massacred
Troyes massacre
24 April 1288
Troyes
13
Papal Inquisition
13 Jews burned at the stake by the Inquisition , supported by King Philip IV of France
Castelsarrasin massacre
12 June 1320
Castelsarrasin
152
Shepherd Crusaders
152 Jews massacred by Pastoureaux
Toulouse massacre
15 June 1320
Toulouse
115–150
Shepherd Crusaders
115–150 Jews massacred by Pastoureaux
Vitry massacre
1321
Vitry-en-Perthois
77
Unknown
77 Jews massacred during the 1321 leper scare . Forty Jews imprisoned and committed mass suicide.
Chinon massacre
21 August 1321
Chinon
120–160
Royal authorities
120–160 Jews burned at the stake on accusation of well poisoning
Valois France
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Perpetrators
Notes
Battle of Caen (1346)
26 July 1346
Caen
2,500–3,000
English forces
Thousands killed during the sack of the town by a force of 12,000 troops led by Edward III of England
Toulon massacre
13 April 1348
Toulon
40
Mob
Jewish community of Toulon killed as part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions
Jacquerie
June 1358
Northern France
20,000
Peasants, aristocracy and nobility
Peasant Jacquerie rebels massacre hundreds of noblemen, women and children. Some 20,000 peasants are in turn exterminated by nobles
Siege of Limoges
19 September 1370
Limoges
200–400
English forces
Hundreds of civilians killed during a sack of the town by 3,200 troops under the command of Edward the Black Prince
Benon castle massacre
September 1372
Poitou
Unknown
Royal Army
English garrison of Benon castle summarily executed by French troops led by Bertrand du Guesclin
Maillotins Revolt
3 March 1382
Paris
30
Maillotins
30 people, including 16 Jews, killed by mob
Battle of Agincourt
25 October 1415
Caen
Unknown
English forces
French prisoners of war executed during the battle by troops under the command of Henry V of England
Siege of Caen (1417)
4 September 1417
Caen
1,800–2,000
English forces
Between 1,800 and 2,000 civilians rounded up in the town marketplace and killed by troops led by Henry V of England, despite his orders against doing so
Paris massacres
12 June 1418 21 August 1418
Paris
1,000–5,000
Parisian mob
Armagnacs slaughtered by Parisian mob
Siege of Rougemont
1421
Rougemont
60
English forces
French garrison hung or drowned on the orders of Henry V of England
Sézanne massacre
24 June 1424
Sézanne
Unknown
English forces
Most inhabitants of the town killed during the sack of Sézanne by troops under the command of Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury
Battle of Jargeau
12 June 1429
Jargeau
Unknown
Royal Army
English prisoners executed by French troops under Joan of Arc and John II, Duke of Alençon
Siege of Chaumont
1434
Chaumont
100
Burgundian Army
Garrison hanged by Philip the Good
Vicques massacre
August 1434
Vicques
Unknown
Mercenaries in English service
Mercenaries in English service kill a large number of Normans
Lihons massacre
February 1440
Lihons
300
English forces
300 men, women and children burned alive in a church by troops led by John Talbot after refusing to surrender
Nesle massacre
14 June 1472
Nesle
Unknown
Burgundian Army
Entire population of Nesle slaughtered and town razed to the ground by Burgundian Army under Duke Charles the Bold
Lectoure massacre
5 March 1473
Lectoure
Unknown
Royal Army
Population massacred and city looted, burned and methodically razed to the ground by royal troops under Cardinal Jean Jouffroy . Defeat of the house of Armagnac .
Avesnes massacre
11 June 1477
Avesnes
Unknown
Royal Army
Civilian population completely exterminated and city destroyed by royal troops under Antoine de Chabannes
Massacre of Mérindol
April 1545
Mérindol
3,000
Provençal/Papal troops
3,000 Waldensians killed on order of Francis I of France . 670 sold as slaves, crops destroyed, herds killed and unknown number of peasants starved to death
Amboise conspiracy
19 March 1560
Château d'Amboise
1,200–1,500
Royal Army
1,200–1,500 Protestant conspirators executed en masse [ 8]
Cahors massacre
19 November 1561
Cahors
40–50
Catholics
Huguenots burned alive in their place of worship by Catholics
Grenade massacre
November 1561
Grenade
Unknown
Catholics
Huguenots massacred by Catholics
Carcassonne massacre
15 December 1561
Carcassonne
8
Catholics
3 Huguenots and 5 non-religious people massacred by Catholics
Massacre of Vassy
1 March 1562
Wassy
80
Catholics
Murder of Huguenots by forces of the Duc de Guise .[ 9]
Castelnaudary massacre
22 March 1562
Castelnaudary
60
Catholics
Huguenots burned alive in their place of worship by Catholics.
Massacre of Sens
12 April 1562
Sens
100
Catholics
100 Huguenots tied to poles and drowned by Catholics
Orange massacre
6 May 1562
Orange
Unknown
Catholics
Population massacred by Catholics
Gaillac massacre
18 May 1562
Gaillac
60–80
Catholics
Huguenots captured and thrown in the river by Catholics
Mornas massacre
July 1562
Mornas
200
Protestants
200 soldiers executed by Protestants
Tours massacre
15 July 1562
Tours
200
Catholics
200 Huguenots bludgeoned to death and thrown in the Loire by Catholics
Lauzerte massacre
15 August 1562
Lauzerte
94
Catholics
94 Huguenots burned alive in a church by Catholics.
Bar-sur-Seine massacre
24 August 1562
Bar-sur-Seine
300
Catholics
Catholic soldiers massacre 300 people after reconquering the citadel from the Huguenots
Michelade
30 September 1567
Nîmes
80–90
Protestants
Catholics killed by Protestants
Bondeville massacre
18 March 1571
Notre-Dame-de-Bondeville
40
Catholics
Protestants attacked by Catholic crowd. 40 killed.
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
24 August 1572
Paris
5,000–30,000
French state/Catholics
Huguenots (French Protestants) were massacred
Aups massacre
16 August 1574
Aups
18
Protestants
18 killed by Protestant troops. Town looted and burned.
First Issoire massacre
15 October 1575
Issoire
Unknown
Protestants
Catholics killed by Protestant troops under Matthieu Merle . Town looted.
Second Issoire massacre
12 June 1577
Issoire
3,000
Royal Army
3,000 surrendering Protestants massacred by royal troops under Francis, Duke of Anjou following orders from King Henry III of France . Town razed.
Cuers massacre
10 April 1579
Cuers
600
Peasant rebels
600 nobles and gentlemen massacred by peasants
Mende massacre
25 December 1579
Mende
300
Protestants
300 Catholic townspeople massacred, mostly in the cathedral, by Protestant troops under Matthieu Merle[ 10]
Romans massacre
16 February 1580
Romans-sur-Isère
20
Local patricians
20 people massacred by patricians
Moirans massacre
26 March 1580
Moirans
1,000[ 11]
Royal Army
1,000 peasants massacred by royal troops[ 11] [ 12] [ 13]
Réquista massacre
June 1581
Réquista
Unknown
Catholics
Catholics kill Protestants
Bourbon France
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Perpetrators
Notes
Battle of Craon
24 May 1592
Craon, Mayenne
Unknown
Spanish Empire Catholic League
English prisoners executed
Siege of Fort Crozon
19 November 1594
Pointe des Espagnols
Unknown
English forces
Spanish soldiers and civilian summarily executed
Capture of Ham (1595)
22 June 1595
Ham, Somme
Unknown
Royal Army
Spanish garrison massacred
Siege of Doullens
July 1595
Doullens
4,000[ 14]
Army of Flanders
Garrison and civilian population killed
La Châtaigneraie massacre
13 August 1595
La Châtaigneraie
31
Catholics
31 Protestants out of 230 massacred by 45 cavalrymen[ 15] [ 16]
Siege of Nègrepelisse
11 June 1622
Nègrepelisse
800
Royal Army
All inhabitants of the Huguenot stronghold killed, all women raped and the town looted and burned to the ground on order of King Louis XIII of France
Massacre at the Hôtel de Ville
4 July 1652
Hôtel de Ville, Paris
150
Parisian mob
150 people, including judges, massacred by a mob during the Fronde
Serre massacre
19 February 1689
Saint-Genest-Lachamp
Unknown
Royal Army
Protestant gathering massacred by royal troops. 400 killed and wounded.
Belvezet massacre
5 January 1703
Belvezet
20–25
Camisards
20–25 inhabitants massacred by Camisards
Chamborigaud massacre
17 February 1703
Chamborigaud
26
Camisards
26 Catholics massacred by Camisards
Fraissinet massacre
26 February 1703
Fraissinet-de-Fourques
33
Camisards
33 inhabitants massacred by Camisards
Moulin de l’Agau massacre
1 April 1703
Nîmes
21–50
Royal Army
21–50 Protestants locked in a barn and burned alive by royal troops
Valsauve massacre
5 July 1703
Verfeuil
16–17
Camisards
16–17 Catholics massacred by Camisards
Potelières massacre
12 September 1703
Potelières
22–31
Camisards
22 Catholics massacred by Camisards
Saint-Sériès massacre
20 September 1703
Saint-Sériès
11
Camisards
11 Catholics massacred by Camisards
Saturargues massacre
20 September 1703
Saturargues
59
Camisards
59 Catholics massacred by Camisards
Sainte-Cécile-d'Andorge massacre
11 October 1703
Sainte-Cécile-d'Andorge
9
Camisards
9 Catholics massacred by Camisards
Branoux massacre
30 October 1703
Branoux-les-Taillades
47–52
Catholic vigilantes
47–52 inhabitants massacred by 600–700 Catholic vigilantes
Cévennes massacres
January 1704
Cévennes
600
Royal Army
Over 600 people massacred in a rampage by royal troops under general Planque.
Franchassis massacre
24 February 1704
Pranles
Unknown
Royal Army
All inhabitants killed by royal troops under general Julien. Village looted, burned and razed to the ground.
Cévennes massacres
April 1704
Cévennes
1,000
Royal Army/Catholic vigilantes
Over 1,000 people massacred in a killing spree by 4,000 royal troops and Catholic vigilantes under Lieutenant General marquis La Lande.
Villars' terror campaign
August 1704
Cévennes
Unknown
Royal Army
Dozens of villages burned and their inhabitants massacred by royal forces under Marshal Claude Louis Hector de Villars
Vernoux massacre
12 December 1745
Vernoux
30
Bourgeois militia/Royal Army
30 Protestants killed by bourgeois militia and soldiers
Revolutionary and Imperial France
Bourbon Restoration
July Monarchy
Second Republic
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Perpetrators
Notes
Rouen riots
April 1848
Rouen
59
French Army
Insurrection suppressed after 59 rioters were killed by soldiers
June Days uprising
June 1848
Paris
1,500–3,000
French Army
Suppression of June Days uprising. 1,500–3,000 rebels summarily executed and 12,500 arrested, of whom 4,500 deported to Algeria.
Second Empire
Third Republic
Second World War
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Perpetrators
Notes
Abbeville massacre
20 May 1940
Abbeville
22
French Army
French soldiers shot a number of Flemish nationalists and members of the Belgian Communist Party as the German army cut off the area during the Battle of France
Le Paradis massacre
27 May 1940
Le Paradis village, commune of Lestrem , Northern France
97 (+2 injured)
SS Totenkopf
shooting of British POWs by German troops (SS Totenkopf )
Wormhoudt massacre
28 May 1940
Wormhoudt
80 (+15 injured)
Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
shooting of British and French POWs by German troops (SS Adolf Hitler )
Massacre of the Bois d'Eraine
11 June 1940
Cressonsacq
64
Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland
Senegalese Tirailleurs and their white officers executed by Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland.
Karl Hotz reprisals
22 October 1941
Châteaubriant , Nantes, Paris
48
German forces
48 French hostages executed as reprisal for the French resistance killing of Karl Hotz
Ascq massacre
1 April 1944
Ascq , France
86
12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend
murder of French civilians by German troops (SS Hitlerjugend )
Audouville massacre
6 June 1944
Audouville-la-Hubert
30
101st Airborne Division
30 Wehrmacht prisoners of war executed by US paratroopers
Ardenne Abbey massacre
June 1944
Ardenne Abbey
20
12th SS Hitlerjugend
20 Canadian POWs massacred by 12th SS Hitlerjugend
Tulle massacre
9 June 1944
Tulle , Corrèze
120 killed, 149 deported
2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich
murder and deportation to Dachau of French civilians by German troops (SS Das Reich )
Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
10 June 1944
Oradour-sur-Glane
642
2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich
murder of French civilians by German troops (SS Das Reich )
Graignes massacre
11 June 1944
Graignes , Manche
61
17th SS Panzergrenadier Division
17 American POWs were bayonetted and shot to death and 44 French civilians accused of assisting the Americans were shot by German troops.
Dun-les-Places massacre
28 June 1944
Dun-les-Places
27
German security forces
27 villagers taken as hostages and executed by German forces
Dortan Massacre
12 July 1944
Dortan
35
Freiwilligen-Stamm-Division
35-36 villagers arrested, tortured, raped and executed by German forces
Tragedy of the Guerry's wells
July 1944 /August 1944
Savigny-en-Septaine
36
Sicherheitsdienst Milice
36 Jews slain by Milice under SD command
Penguerec massacre
7 August 1944
Gouesnou
44
Kriegsmarine 3rd anti-air brigade
44 French civilians massacred by Kriegsmarine personnel
First Saint-Julien massacre
9 August 1944
Saint-Julien-de-Crempse
17
German Army
17 villagers executed by German troops as reprisal for French resistance activity
Saint-Genis-Laval massacre
20 August 1944
Saint-Genis-Laval
120
Sicherheitspolizei Milice
120 prisoners executed by Sipo and Milice
Maillé massacre
25 August 1944
Maillé, Indre-et-Loire
124
17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen
murder of French civilians by German troops (17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen )
Affair of 27 martyrs
25 August 1944
Chatou
27
German forces
27 Frenchmen executed as reprisal for French Resistance attack.
Massacre de la vallée de la Saulx
28 August 1944
Vallée de la Saulx
86
3rd Panzergrenadier Division
86 French villagers massacred by 3rd Panzergrenadier Division
Second Saint-Julien massacre
10 September 1944
Saint-Julien-de-Crempse
17
French resistance
17 Wehrmacht prisoners of war executed by villagers as revenge for first massacre
Post-War
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Perpetrators
Notes
14 July 1953 demonstration
14 July 1953
Paris
7 (+50 demonstrators, 16 police wounded)
French police
Seven people, including 6 Algerians, killed by French police
1961 Vitry-Le-François train bombing
18 June 1961
Blacy, Marne
24–28 (+132–170 injured)
Organisation armée secrète
Train derailed by OAS explosive, killing up to 28.
Paris massacre of 1961
17 October 1961
Paris
40 (government sources) ~200 (opposition sources)
French police
Algerian demonstrators killed by French police.
The Charonne Metro Station Massacre
8 February 1962
Charonne
9
French police
CGT Trade union members and communists killed by French police
Marseille bar massacre
3 October 1978
Marseille
10
Armed gunmen
Organized crime war
Sofitel massacre
5 August 1983
Avignon
7
Robbers
Four luxury hotel employees and three customers killed by robbers
Ille-et-Vilaine massacre
19 June 1985
Ille-et-Vilaine
7
Guy Martel
spree killing
Luxiol massacre
12 July 1989
Luxiol
14
Christian Dornier
spree killing , 3 family members and random inhabitants
Besançon massacre
1 July 1992
Besançon
7 (+5 wounded)
Franck Zoritch
7 people killed by Franck Zoritch
Cuers massacre
24 September 1995
Cuers
16
Éric Borel
spree killing , 3 family members and random inhabitants, perpetrator committed suicide .
Tours massacre
29 October 2001
Tours
4 (+7 wounded)
Jean-Pierre Roux-Durrafourt
4 people killed by Jean-Pierre Roux-Durraffourt
Nanterre massacre
27 March 2002
Nanterre
9 (+19 injured)
Richard Durn
spree killing , perpetrator committed suicide.
2012 Midi-Pyrénées massacre
19 March 2012
Midi-Pyrénées region
7 (+5 injured)
Mohammed Merah
A French radical Islamist man attacks a Jewish school, he murders 3 young children and a rabbi at the school, and also kills 3 French soldiers.
Annecy shootings
5 September 2012
Chevaline, Haute-Savoie
4
Unknown
3 Britons and 1 Frenchman killed in shooting.
2015 Charlie Hebdo massacre
7 January 2015
Paris
12 (+11 injured)
Chérif and Saïd Kouachi
Two French radical Islamist brothers attack an office, they murder 11 at the office and kill a French police officer on the street.
2015 Porte de Vincennes massacre
9 January 2015
Paris
5 (+11 injured)
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
A French radical Islamist man attacks a Jewish supermarket and murders 4, a French policewoman is also killed on the street the previous day.
Germanwings Flight 9525 deliberate crash
24 March 2015
Prads-Haute-Bléone , Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
150
Andreas Lubitz
Andreas Lubitz , the German co-pilot, deliberately crashed the plane on the French Alps, killing all passengers and crew.
November 2015 Paris attacks
13 November 2015
Paris
130 (+368 injured)
ISIL
Eight radical Islamists men of ISIL perform coordinated attacks upon the French public at various locations in Paris using assault rifles and explosives;[ 28]
2016 Nice truck attack
14 July 2016
Nice
86 (+434 injured)
Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel
A Tunisian/French radical Islamist man attacks the French public celebrating Bastille Day, he drives a 19 tonne cargo truck through the public on the street thereby killing indiscriminately.
Carcassonne and Trèbes attack
23 March 2018
Trèbes and Carcassonne
4 (+15 injured)
Redouane Lakdim
Islamist terrorist Redouane Lakdim shoots and stabs four people to death.
2018 Strasbourg attack
11 December 2018
Strasbourg
5 (+12 injured)
Chérif Chekatt (29 years old)
Islamist terrorist Chérif Chekatt shoots five people to death with a revolver and injures several people by stabbing with a knife. Chekatt was killed 2 days later by the police, after a razzia in Strasbourgs district Neudorf. He was shot after opening fire on several police officers.
February 2019 Paris fire
5 February 2019
Paris
10 (+36 injured)
Unknown
Arson at an apartment block.
Paris police headquarters stabbing
3 October 2019
Paris
4 (+2 injured)
Mickaël Harpon
Police employee stab four colleagues to death.
Toulouse summer 2020 attacks[ 29]
13 July 2020 - 7 September 2020
Toulouse
5 (+3 injured)
Unknown
1 (+1 injured) in September, 2 (+2 injured) in August, 2 in July.
See also
Citations
^ Oldenbourg, Zoe (12 January 2015). Massacre At Montsegur: A History Of The Albigensian Crusade - Zoe Oldenbourg - Google Books . Orion. ISBN 978-1-4746-0031-6 .
^ "Patrimoine en Lauragais : un mémorial érigé en lieu et place du bûcher cathare de Les Cassès - Voix du Midi Lauragais" . Actu.fr (in French). 27 October 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2024 .
^ Pierre Miquel, 1980, p.213, Robert Laffont. ed. Histoire et dictionnaire des guerres de religion 1998:61.
^ Lindsay, Thomas M. (2003) [1906]. History of the Reformation Reformation in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, Scotland and England . Charles Scribner's Sons; Kessinger Publishing. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7661-6367-6 . OCLC 3960339 .
^ "Léon Costecalde, Monographie illustré de la cathédrale de Mende (Imprimerie Ignon-Renouard, 1922) p.13 ("La nuit de Noel 1579, Mathieu Merle, chef des protestants cevenois, s'avanca vers Mende, a la feveur des tenebres, s'empara de la ville par trabison, y massacra 400 pretres ou fideles, la plupart, dans l'enceinte meme de la cathedrale."
^ a b Davis, Michael T. (September 2015). Crowd Actions in Britain and France from the Middle Ages to the Modern World - Google Books . Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-31651-6 .
^ The Orgasms of History: 3000 Years of Spontaneous Insurrection - Google Books . AK Press. 2002. ISBN 978-1-902593-34-0 .
^ "La feuille Charbinoise - Printemps 1580 - la révolte des Vilains en Dauphiné" . www.lafeuillecharbinoise.com (in French). Retrieved 15 May 2024 .
^ Goubert, Pierre (2002). The Course of French History . Routledge. p. 103.
^ "1595-08-13 - Archives de la Vendée" . archives.vendee.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 May 2024 .
^ "Massacre des protestants réunis au temple de la Brossardière le 13 août 1595 - Mes Ancêtres, 40 Générations" . mesancetres-40generations.over-blog.com (in French). 2 April 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2024 .
^ "Paris attacks death toll rises to 130" . RTE News. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015 .
^ "Toulouse : un mort et un blessé grave dans une fusillade" .
References
By past country or territory
By country or territory
By war
By group
See also
List of massacres in Europe
Sovereign states States with limited recognition Dependencies and other entities