List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations

An eponym is a phrase that is derived from or based on a person's name.^[1] Medical conditions are often named after the person who first described the disorder and can also be named after the first person in whom the disorder presented or the area in which it first appeared.^[2]^[1] Germany lost many scientists as a result of the persecution of Jewish people, and others, during World War II. Many Austrian and German doctors participated in National Socialist euthanasia initiatives. Medical professionals have recently grown increasingly conscious of the moral dilemma posed by eponyms originating from Third Reich scientists.^[3]

Because of tradition and lack of accepted substitutes, eponyms remain in use today despite some arguing that they should be abandoned.^[1]^[4] Eponyms frequently add historical background to the description and comprehension of the ailment, connecting it to sociological occurrences, socioeconomic situations, and technological advancements.^[1]

List of eponyms

The following eponyms are those named after people who were associated with the Nazi party or whose research was based on victims of the Nazi regime.

List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations
Term	Meaning	Named after	Replacement term	Nazi association of term	Refs
Asperger syndrome	Developmental disorder that causes difficulties with social skills and repetitive behaviours	Hans Asperger	Autism spectrum disorder	Asperger, in an attempt to gain political status, joined organizations associated with the Nazi Party. While Asperger's views on Jewish people remain unclear, he often pathologized the response Jewish children in his clinic had to the persecution they endured. In 1942, Asperger helped screen residents of a home for disabled children. Asperger assisted in determining the prognosis of the children, choosing which children were "uneducable". The children who were seen as "uneducable" were later "euthanized".	^[5]
Clara cells	Type of epithelial cell in the respiratory system that does not have cilia or mucus and helps with secretion	Max Clara	Club cells	Clara, a German anatomist, was an outspoken member of the Nazi party and was arrested by the United States Army for such in 1945. Clara used his political power to further his career. During his time at Leipzig University, Clara was involved in university politics such as using his political opinions to persuade others to decide who should get scholarships and jobs. During his studies in Leipzig, such as his finding of club cells, Clara used the tissue of executed prisoners from Dresden. Not only did Clara use these bodies for research, but he also advocated for laws to be changed so that researchers could use bodies for research against a family's wishes. Clara and his colleagues also experimented on prisoners who had been sentenced to death.	^[6]
Cauchois-Eppinger-Frugoni syndrome	Blood clot in the main portal vein or its branches inside the liver	Hans Eppinger	Portal vein thrombosis	Eppinger, an Austrian internist, was a Nazi doctor. Upon being summoned to the Nuremberg trials, he died by suicide.	^[7]
Eppinger's spider nevus	Type of telangiectasis with a central red spot and thin lines spreading outward like a spider's web	Hans Eppinger	Spider nevus or spider angioma		^[7]
Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome	Rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the PANK2 gene	Julius Hallervorden	Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration	Hallervorden was a psychiatrist who took part in Aktion T-4, an adult euthanasia program. Hallervorden used the program to gain access to post-mortem brains for his research. He helped coordinate the program and went to the "killing centres" to arrange his acquisition of brains from victims after they were killed.	^[8]
Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome		Hugo Spatz	Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration	Spatz, a friend and coworker of Hallervorden, performed autopsies and research on victims of a euthanasia program.	^[9]
Spatz-Stiefler reaction	Paralysis agitans reaction	Hugo Spatz	Paralysis agitans reaction		^[9]
Beck-Ibrahim disease	Rare fungal infection of the skin, usually affecting premature babies	Murad Jussuf Bey Ibrahim	Congenital cutaneous candidiasis	Ibrahim was an Egyptian pediatrician who studied and worked in Berlin. Ibrahim participated in the Nazi eugenics program where he played a role in killing mentally and physically disabled children.	^[10]
Reiter's disease	Inflammatory arthritis triggered by an infection	Hans Conrad Julius Reiter	Reactive arthritis	Reiter was a member of the Nazi party and served as the president of the Reich Health Office. Throughout World War II, he sanctioned experimentation on those in concentration camps.	^[11]
Van Bogaert-Scherer-Epstein syndrome	Rare but treatable inherited disorder affecting bile acid metabolism	Hans Joachim Scherer	Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis	During Scherer's work at the Neurology Institute in Breslau, Silesia, he participated in the analysis of brains from euthanized children at the Loben Psychiatric Clinic for Youth.	^[12]
Seitelberger disease	Neurodegenerative disorder that manifests early in life and progresses rapidly, leading to early death	Franz Seitelberger	Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy	While Seitelberger was not an active Nazi, he benefited from the Nazis' scientific practices. Seitelberger did research on euthanized victims and studied alongside Hallervorden.	^[13]
Sudanophilic leukodystrophy of the Seitelberger type	A fatal brain disorder where myelin is lost due to abnormal protein folding, affecting certain brain cells	Franz Seitelberger	Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease		^[13]
Goebell-Stoeckel-Frangenheim operation	Surgery for urinary stress incontinence	Walter Stoeckel	N/A	While Stoeckel was not a direct participant in the Nazis' crimes against humanity, he assisted the Nazi regime. Stoeckel was responsible for the firing of Jewish physicians while he served as the president of the German Society of Gynecology.	^[14]
Kelly-Stoeckel suture	Operation for urinary stress incontinence		Anterior colporrhaphy
Schauta-Stoeckel operation	Radical vaginal hysterectomy		N/A
Wegener's granulomatosis	Rare autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in blood vessels, lung nodules (granulomas), and kidney disease	Friedrich Wegener	Granulomatosis with polyangiitis	Wegener was a member of several Nazi organizations such as the National Socialist German Workers' Party, the Storm Troopers, and the Reich Air Protection League before World War II. In 1941 and 1942, Wegener made oaths of allegiance to Adolf Hitler saying "I pledge: I will be loyal and obedient to the Führer of the German Reich and the Nation – Adolf Hitler, I will fulfil my official duties with conscientiousness and selflessness." and "I pledge that I will be loyal and obedient to the Führer of the German Reich and the Nation – Adolf Hitler, I will obey the law and conscientiously fulfil my official duties, so help me God."	^[15]