Share to:

 

List of most-polluted rivers

Pollution flowing in the River Ganges, including plastics, cloths, and waste products.
Significant pollution flowing in the River Ganges, generally considered to be among the worst-polluted rivers worldwide.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This list contains rivers and other streams that have been regarded, currently or historically, as among the most polluted in the world due to their quantity of pollution, the severity of different components of the stream's pollution, its impact on the local population, or a combination of all factors.

Africa

Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Akaki River Central Addis Ababa,  Ethiopia Significantly high contaminant concentrations in its catchment rivers.[1] Waste disposal site of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's largest city.[2] Rural population downstream of the main city put at risk of health issues.[2]
Awash River  Ethiopia 18.6 million[3] Internationally famous for its high density of hominin fossils. Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1980.[4] Industrial and urban wastes, agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers), and sewage discharge.[5] Severe ecosystem damage.[5]
Imo River Southeastern  Nigeria Reported by the World Health Organization as one of the most polluted rivers in Nigeria.[6] General Manager Emeka Ugoanyanwu issued a public warning that that locals should not dispose of trash, urinate, bury the dead, and build soak-away pits along the river, due to it polluting the river with coliform bacteria.[7] Severe risk of making the main source drinkable water for Owerri non-potable.[7]
Modjo River Central  Ethiopia One of the two most polluted rivers in Ethiopia.[8][9] Toxic industrial chemicals[8][9]
Nairobi River  Kenya The rivers are mostly narrow and highly polluted,[10] though recent efforts to clean the rivers have improved water quality.[11] Agriculture, slums, and industry.
Olifants River  South Africa and  Mozambique Close to the historical area of the Pedi people, Sekhukhuneland.[12] Green algae and very high sulphate levels attributed to coal mining and industry in the upper catchment.[13][14]
Osun River Osun State,  Nigeria One of the river goddesses in Yorubaland.[15] In 2018, the river suddenly began to change color due to gold mining. The river recorded the highest level of microplastics ever reported in river water globally in early 2024.[16][17] Plastic pollution, heavy metals and cyanide contamination as a result of illegal gold mining, and human generated waste.[18] Threatening the Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove.[16][17]

Asia

Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Bharalu River Assam,  India One of the most polluted rivers in the state of Assam.[19] The biochemical oxygen demand of the river is 52 mg/L in compared to the permissible limit set by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) at 3 mg/L.[20] Guwahati city's municipal wastes.[20] The obnoxious smell generated by the river is also a health hazard for the residents of Guwahati.[20]
Buckingham Canal  India Constructed during British rule, no longer used due to rail and road travel. The most polluted waterway in Chennai.[21] Sewage and industrial effluents from industrial and agricultural units in Chennai, including North Chennai Thermal Power Station. Nearly 60% of the estimated 55 million litres of untreated sewage produced by Chennai is dumped into it daily.[21] The silting up of the canal left the water stagnant, creating an attractive habitat for malaria-spreading mosquitoes.[22][21][21]
Buriganga River Dhaka,  Bangladesh Economically very important to Dhaka.[23][24] Ranks among the most polluted rivers in the country.[23][24] Chemical waste of mills and factories, household waste, medical waste, sewage, dead animals, plastics, and oil, primarily among nine industrial areas lacking industrial wastewater treatment plants.[25][26][27]
Citarum River West Java,  Indonesia ~5,000,000[28] Longest and largest river in West Java, Indonesia.[29] Described by the Asian Development Bank as the world's most polluted river.[30] 2,000 industries, primarily textile factories, contaminate 5,020 sq miles of the river with over 20,000 tons of waste and 340,000 tons of wastewater daily. Toxins include lead, mercury, arsenic, sulphites, nonylphenol, Phthalates, PCB 180, paranitrophenol, and tributylphosphate.[31][32][33] Elimination of a significant part of the river's fish population, estimated at 60% since 2008.[32][33]
Cooum River Tamil Nadu,  India 9,000 families Called "a stinking cesspool" in poetry and journalism.[34][35] World Bank-funded project and shows that it is 80 per cent more polluted than treated sewer.[34] An estimated 55 million litres (15,000,000 US gal) of untreated sewage from government agencies like Chennai Corporation and local businesses, leading to high faecal coliform bacteria, pesticide, lead, zinc and cadmium levels.[36][37] Fish were able to survive in the water for only 3 to 5 hours even after samples were diluted. Almost zero dissolved oxygen.[34][36]
Ganges  India Tens of millions of people[38] The most sacred river to Hindus.[39] Levels of fecal coliform bacteria from human waste in the river near Varanasi are more than 100 times the Indian government's official limit.[40] Failure of the Ganga Action Plan due to corruption and poor planning/expertise.[40] Main article: Pollution of the Ganges
Ghadir River Southern Beirut region,  Lebanon[41] About 120,000 inhabitants in the Hayy El-Sellom neighborhood.[42] The most polluted river in Lebanon, described in 2017 by Lebanese minister of public works Youssef Fenianos as no longer normal water, but sewage water.[43] Industrial zones by the river.[43] Floods of sewage water in settllements near the river, leading to periodic displacement.[44] Beleved to contribute to elevated rates of asthmatic and skin diseases, especially in children.[42]
Ilek Aktobe Region,  Kazakhstan, and Orenburg Oblast, [[Russia| Russia]].[45] The most polluted water body in the Ural-Caspian basin.[46] Boron and chromium in the river caused by the tailing ponds of former chemical plants via ground water.[46]
Indus River  China, Kashmir (disputed region),  Pakistan Birthplace of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the Bronze Age.[47]

Second among a group of ten rivers responsible for about 90% of all the plastic that reaches the oceans.[48][49]

Endangerment of the Indus river dolphin.[50]
Jordan River Jordan, Israel, Syria, Israeli-occupied Palestinian territory of West Bank The river holds major significance in Judaism and Christianity. According to the Bible, the Israelites crossed it into the Promised Land and Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John the Baptist in it.[51] Dumping of sewage and brackish water, coupled with lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states.[52] Destruction of the 100-kilometre downstream stretch's ecosystem, which environmentalists stated could take decades to undo.[53][53]
Kishon River Haifa District,  Israel Considered the most polluted river in Israel by several government authorities. Mentioned six times in the Hebrew Bible.[54] Daily contamination for over 40 years with mercury, other heavy metals, and organic chemicals by nearby chemical plants, including Haifa Chemicals.[55] Has caught on fire several times due to chemical contaminants.[54] Found that three hours to the river's water led to DNA damage in rainbow-trout liver-cells to be on average threefold that of unpolluted water.[56] Shayetet 13 veterans were provided compensation after developing sickness and higher occurrences of cancer after training near the river.[57]
Marilao River Central Luzon,  Philippines ~250,000 people Marilao and Meycauayan together deemed among the world's 30 most polluted places in the developing world in a 2007 study.[58] Per the Blacksmith Institute: “Industrial waste is haphazardly dumped into the Meycauayan, Marilao and Obando River system”[58]
Musi River Telangana,  India Ranked as the 22nd most polluted river in the world.[59] Active pharmaceutical ingredients, concentration of 12,000 nanograms per litre. Includes caffeine, nicotine, acetaminophen, metformin, gabapentin, ketoconazole, and antibiotics.[59] Antibiotic resistance, feminization of fish, and making fish more susceptible to predation.[59]
Pasig River National Capital Region,  Philippines Metro Manila Ranked as the largest contributor of plastic waste to the world's oceans in 2021.[60][61] Household waste and industries Considered biologically dead by 1990,[62][63] although aquatic life has since returned due to rehabilitation efforts.[64]
Periyar River Kerala,  India Significantly polluted in its lower reaches.[65] Eloor industrial zone industries dumping waste including DDT, endosulfan, hexa and trivalent chromium, lead, cyanide, and BHC.[66][67] Many biologically dead zones, with pollution almost wiping out traditional occupations along the river and its wetlands, including fishing and farming.[65]
Ravi River  India,  Pakistan Regarded in 2022 studies as the most contaminated river globally, with pharmaceutical residues such as paracetamol, nicotine, caffeine, and medications for epilepsy and diabetes detected in its waters.[68] Careless disposal of large amount of industrial and agricultural wastewater and faulty drainage systems in both nations, especially in the Lahore metropolitan area.[69]
Sabarmati River Gujarat and Rajasthan,  India Its Kheroj-Vautha stretch was named by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) as among the most polluted river stretches in India.[70] Further polluted by the Ahmedabad civic body's failure to build a sewage treatment plant in Motera.[71]
Sahibi River Delhi,  India Dehli's most polluted body of water.[72][73][74][75][76] Direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas.[72][73][74][75][76]
Techa  Russia 28,000 residents formerly, 23 of 24 settlements evacuated.[77] Mayak complex[78] dumped an estimated 76 million cubic metres (2.7×109 cu ft) of radioactive waste water into the Techa River,[79] a cumulative dispersal of 2.75 MCi (102 PBq) of radioactivity.[80] In the past 45 years, about half a million people in the region have been irradiated in one or more of the incidents,[81][82] exposing them to as much as 20 times the radiation suffered by the Chernobyl disaster victims.[79]
Tungabhadra River Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh,  India 1 million people Regarded as among the most polluted rivers in India due to it turning dark brown and developed a pungent odor downriver of industries.[83] Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Vijayanagara, Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts of Karnataka and in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. Nearly 30 million liters of effluents released into the Tunga from the lone non-mining Shimoga each year."[84] Regularly impacts village fishermen due to fish kills, and causes health impacts to residents in its sub-basin relying on its water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing and livestock water.[83]
Vaitarna Nashik and Palghar district of Maharashtra,  India Supplies much of Mumbai's drinking water.[85] One of the most polluted rivers in India, primarily in its lower stretches.[85] Untreated industrial and civic waste[85]
Yamuna Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi,  India 57 million people[86] Second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge, and the longest tributary in India. Accounts for more than 70 percent of Delhi's water supply. Highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as the goddess Yamuna.

Receives 800 million litres of largely untreated sewage and additional 44 million litres of industrial effluents each day.[87][88]

Discharge of wastewater in Delhi, with New Delhi dumping about 58% of its waste into the river.[88]
Yangtze  China Nearly one-third of China's population[89] The fifth-largest primary river by discharge volume in the world.[89] In September 2012, the Yangtze river near Chongqing turned red from pollution.[90] Industrial pollution, plastic pollution, agricultural runoff, siltation, untreated industrial and municipal sewage, and discharge of waste from pig farms.[91][92][93] Produces more ocean plastic pollution than any other.[94]
Yellow River  China 120 million people, over 420 million people live in the immediate provinces which rely on it as a water source.[95] Second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest river system on Earth. Birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization.[96] 4.29 billion tons of waste and sewage discharged in 2007 alone, mainly from urban factories and manufacturing facilities.[97] One-third of the river's course rendered unusable even for agricultural or industrial use.[98]
Zarqa River  Jordan Population of Zarqa The Zarqa's water is brownish colored, often with dense foam due to large amounts of organic matter.[99] Raw sewage, Illegal dumping of industrial waste.[100] Has a stench which has been a cause of numerous complaints, particularly during the summer months.[100]

Europe

Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Great Bačka Canal  Serbia Included in Serbia's "three black points". Considered one of the most polluted reservoirs in Europe.[101] Decades of dumping from Industrial town of Vrbas, resulting in 400,000 tons of silt which contains heavy metals and oil waste.[102] Dangerous to bathe in and hazardous to the health of nearby populations.[103]
River Calder West Yorkshire,  England Would run different opaque colours from day to day in the 1950s.[104] Buildup of byproducts from mining activities, textile industries, disused tar distillery in Mirfield, sewage, and more recently, chemical plants.[104] Loss of wildlife.[104]
Donets  Russia and  Ukraine Heavily contaminated with fertilizers, petroleum, phenols, zinc, chromium and copper.[105][106] Contaminated by industrial and communal wastes of Belgorod, Izium and Shebekino cities, and Donetsk and Luhansk regions.[105][106][107] Stretches near Kozenyi Butt, Bakhmut, and Lugan are so polluted that consuming fish caught there is dangerous.[107]
River Fal Cornwall, England,  United Kingdom Described as the most polluted river in England.[108] In 2021, raw sewage was discharged straight into the river for over 7,500 hours as a consequence of the 100-year old sewage system being overwhelmed by heavy rain.[108]
Ibar Population of Kraljevo Regarded as the most polluted river in Serbia.[109] Frequent spills of phenol[109] Significant health impacts to the population of Kraljevo.[109]
Ishëm  Albania Untreated wastewater from industry and the city of Tirana, leading to quantities of ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, and suspended solids that exceed EU legal limits on several different measures.[110] At its mouth, the river smells very bad and the bay is polluted by the wastewater, plastic, and other detritus from Tirana, which threatens an important sea turtle breeding ground.[111]
Krivaja  Serbia Among the most polluted rivers in Serbia, especially in the lower section, downstream from Bačka Topola.[112][113] The dam upstream holds more water for farm irrigation during summers than it should, so the river is turned into the slow open sewage canal.[113] Has been an "ecological black spot" for years.[113]
Meža  Austria and  Slovenia The Meža has been the most polluted river in Slovenia. In 1982 the singer-songwriter Marijan Smode [sl] wrote a song about it titled "Mrtva reka" (The Dead River).[114] Mežica lead mine and the Ravne Steelworks (Železarna Ravne) conglomerate.[114]
Oder Poland's second-longest river[115] ,Heavy industrialization of the area and large number of coal mines and chemical facilities.[116][117][118] See: 2022 Oder environmental disaster, at least 135 tonnes of dead fish washed up on its shores.[119][120][121]
Sarno Metropolitan City of Naples,  Italy Partially used for irrigation, as well as the transportation of goods and fishing.[122] Agricultural waste and insufficiently treated industrial waste water from 500 small industrial units.[123][124] Has made bathing near the mouth of the river in the Tyrrhenian Sea impossible.[123][124]
Rio Tinto Southwestern  Spain Has a unique red and orange colour extending for 50 kilometres,[125] derived from its chemical makeup that is extremely acidic and with very high levels of iron and heavy metals.[126] Approximately 5,000 years of ore mining,[125] including copper, silver, gold, and other minerals,[127] Environmental concerns based on long disused water reservoirs which might not be able to withstand the stress of renewed waste inputs.[128]

North America

Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Acelhuate River  El Salvador 1.7 million people One the most contaminated and polluted rivers in El Salvador.[129] Domestic and industrial waste, containing iron, arsenic, lead, mercury, and zinc.[130]
Anacostia River Maryland and Washington, D.C.,  United States Regarded as "D.C.'s forgotten river" due to weak investment and development along its banks and heavy pollution[131] Raw sewage discharges primarily during floods, and PCB contaminants from the Washington Navy Yard.[132][133][133] Public health threat because of fecal coliform bacteria and other pathogens; it also impairs water quality and can create hypoxic conditions that lead to large fish kills and sickness of people who get water in their mouth.[133][133][134]
Blackstone River Massachusetts and Rhode Island,  United States Referred to by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as “the most polluted river in the country because of high concentrations of toxic sediments.”[135] Primarily wastewater from the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District.[136] Rated as the worst category ("impaired") for all assessed uses ("aquatic life", "fish consumption", "primary contact" (e.g. swimming), "secondary contact" (e.g. boating) and "aesthetics").[137]
Calleguas Creek Ventura County, California,  United States Named the most polluted body of water in the jurisdiction of the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board in 2009.[138]
Coatzacoalcos River Oaxaca and Veracruz,  Mexico Among the world's most contaminated rivers.[139] Petrochemical industry of Mexico Pemex,[140] lack of environmental laws protecting the public water.[139]
Connoquenessing Creek Western Pennsylvania,  United States The second most polluted waterway in the United States in a 2000 study.[141] Armco Inc. steel facility in Butler, which ranked first nationally for the amount of pollutant discharges, which legally discharged more than 29 million pounds of nitrate compounds.[141]
Delaware River New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland,  United States Provides drinking water for 17 million people, including half of New York City via the Delaware Aqueduct.[142] The longest free-flowing (undammed) river in the Eastern United States.[143] Named the 5th most polluted river in the United States by eco-activism groups, primarily in the Philadelphia/Chester region.[144][145] 7–10 million pounds of toxic chemicals in the waterways mainly due to dumping by DuPont Chambers Works.[144][145] Pollutants leading to increased risk of birth defects, infertility, and cancer.[144]
Río Grande de Santiago Western  Mexico One of the longest rivers in Mexico.[146] Also one of its most polluted.[147] Over a thousand different chemicals in the main channel and its tributaries. These substances included semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds, such as phthalates (hormonal disruptors), phenols (compounds that affect neuronal development), toluene (a neurotoxin), and carcinogenic flame retardants.[148] Caused the death of an eight-year-old boy who fell into the river and succumbed to heavy metal poisoning nineteen days later.[149][150]
Hackensack River New York and New Jersey,  United States Once believed to be among the most polluted watercourses in the United States. Three sections are designated as Superfund sites. Once held the highest concentrations of methyl mercury of any fresh-water sediment in the world, as well as extensive residues of PCBs and other chemicals due to chemical companies.[151][152] Despite closure of many industrial sites by the 2000s, still suffers from Urban runoff pollution, municipal sewage discharges from sanitary sewer overflows and combined sewer overflows, and runoff from hazardous waste sites continue to impair the river's water quality.[153][154] By the 1960s, much of the lower river was essentially a turbid hypoxic dead zone, with only the hardiest of species, such as the mummichog, able to survive in its waters. The Lower Hackensack was declared a federal Superfund site in 2022.[155][156][157]
Lerma River West-central  Mexico Mexico's second longest river. Untreated wastewater from industries.[158][159] Michoacán and Guanajuato documenting an increase in cancer and neurocysticercosis in populations that live near the river.[160] Also has led to continuing loss of plant life in and around the river itself since 2005.[158]
Merrimack River New Hampshire and Massachusetts,  United States[161] One of the most endangered rivers in the United States, as named by the American Rivers nonprofit in 2016.[162] Combined sewer overflow from six untreated sanitary sewer systems,[163] leading to elevated bacteria counts, low dissolved oxygen, and high nutrient levels and elevated counts of E. coli and fecal coliform.[164] Restriction of swimming and boating. Aquatic life and shellfishing beds have been affected due to excess lead, zinc, and other metals in the river.[164]
Mississippi River  United States ~70 million people[165] The world's tenth-largest river by discharge flow, and the largest in North America.[166] Elevated nutrient and chemical levels from agricultural runoff consisting of fertilizers and insecticides.[166][167] Primary contributor to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone.[167]
Motagua River  Guatemala and  Honduras One of the most plastic-emitting rivers in the world, contributing around two percent of global plastic pollution emissions into oceans annually.[168] Highly polluted with untreated sewage, industrial waste, tons of sediment (garbage) and blackwater from Guatemala City carried by the Río Las Vacas tributary.[169] Dangerous to marine protected areas of Honduras and Guatemala and conservation efforts to maintain species diversity.[170][170] Impacts several Indigenous and coastal communities.[171]
New River The Mexico–U.S. border from Mexicali Municipality to Imperial County, California Composed of agricultural and chemical runoff waste. Called the most severely polluted river of its size in the United States.[172] Runoff and waste from farm industry irrigation in the U.S. (18.4%) and Mexico (51.2%), sewage from Mexicali (29%). Consists of contains a stew of about a hundred contaminants: volatile organic compounds, heavy metals including selenium, uranium, arsenic and mercury, pesticides (including DDT), and PCBs.[173] Contains pathogens that cause tuberculosis, encephalitis, polio, cholera, hepatitis and typhoid. Runoff into the Salton Sea has led to several fish die-offs and massive avian epizootics 1992–2019.
Newtown Creek New York,  United States One of the most polluted industrial sites in the United States, containing years of discarded toxins, an estimated 30,000,000 US gallons (110,000,000 L; 25,000,000 imp gal) of spilled oil.[174] Channelization made it one of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey. Worsened by theGreenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewer system,[174] and other accumulation from a total of 1,491 sites.[175] Totally devoid of any lifeforms by the end of the 19th century.[176]
Ohio River Boundary of the Midwestern and Southern United States. Source of drinking water for five million people.[177] Third largest river by discharge volume in the United States and the largest tributary by volume of the north–south flowing Mississippi River, which divides the eastern from western United States.[178] Listed among America's Most Endangered Rivers of 2023.[179] Farm runoff and waste water from industrial processes such as steel production. 92% of toxic discharges were nitrates, with mercury also causing impacts.[178][179] Also impacted by the East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment.[179]
Passaic River Northern New Jersey,  United States The lower eight miles (13 km) of the river contains 4.3 million cubic yards (3.3×10^6 m3) of toxic mud at its bottom. It is considered one of the most polluted stretches of water in the nation.[180] Industrial waste beginning in the 19th century, including dioxin generated by the Diamond Shamrock Chemical Plant as a waste product resulting from the production of Agent Orange.[181]
River Rouge Metro Detroit, Michigan,  United States Oil on the surface caught fire in 1969.[182] Suffered from municipal and industrial discharges, sewer overflows, and several nonpoint source pollution (e.g., storm water runoff), leading to high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals (e.g., mercury), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oil and grease.[183][184] Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption, and on recreational use. Also caused degradation on fish and wildlife populations, and fish tumors and other deformities.[183][184]
San Gabriel River California,  United States Mostly-urban waterway and the central of three major rivers draining the Greater Los Angeles Area.[185] Large amounts of industrial and urban runoff from 598 businesses, manufacturers, and other parties, the largest being the Los Coyotes plant with an output of 30 million gallons (110,000 m3) per day.[186] Upper reaches impacted by trash, debris, fecal coliforms, and heavy metals from recreational use.[187][188][189] Coyote Creek suffering from "acute and chronic toxicity" from pesticides and industrial chemicals, industrial contaminant pollution of a considerable portion of the groundwater in the San Gabriel River watershed, and detrimental impacts to the habitat.[190][191]
San Joaquin River Central California,  United States One of the most polluted rivers in the United States, especially in its lower course.[192] "Ubiquitous" pesticide and fertilizer runoff and municipal runoff leading to elevated levels of selenium, fluoride, nitrates.[192] In 1983, it was found that birds had suffered severe deformities and deaths due to steadily increasing levels of chemicals and toxins. In the next few years, all the fish species died except for the mosquito fish, and algae blooms proliferated in the foul water.[193][192]
Spring Creek California,  United States The stream is among the most polluted and acidic in the world.[194][195] Contains the Spring Creek Debris Dam, which serves primarily to collect severe acid mine drainage stemming from the Iron Mountain Mine.[196]
Tárcoles River  Costa Rica About 50% of Costa Rica's population.[197] Considered the most contaminated river basin in the country.[198][199] The river's watershed drains approximately 67% of Costa Rica's untreated organic and industrial waste .[198][199]
Tijuana River Baja California,  Mexico California,  United States Called "one of the most polluted waterways in the country".[200] From 2018 to 2024, more than 100,000,000,000 US gallons (380,000,000 kL) of wastewater have flowed from Mexico into the United States via the Tijuana River according to the International Boundary and Water Commission,[201] including toxins, metals, solvents, pathogens, and sewage.[202] Raw sewage from the city of Tijuana, Mexico. Regular overflowing raw-sewage on the Mexican side, causing damage to vegetation and contributing to flooding. Citizens from both San Diego and Tijuana have fallen sick due to the sewage flowing into local beaches, with 34,000 people on Imperial Beach in 2017 alone.[203]

Oceania

Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Darling River New South Wales,  Australia Third-longest river in Australia, and the outback's most famous waterway.[204] Pesticide runoff[205][206] Suffered from a severe cyanobacterial bloom that stretched the length of the river in 1992.[207] Also suffered from fish kills in 2019 and 2023.[208][209]
King River Tasmania,  Australia Was historically considered to be Australia's most polluted river.[210] Is still heavily polluted due to acid water and heavy metal pollution.[211] Copper mining dewatering and run-off from the waste rock dumps.[211] High toxicity to aquatic life.[211]

South America

Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Carioca River Rio de Janeiro,  Brazil One of the most polluted rivers in the state of Rio de Janeiro.[212][213] Untreated sewage[212][213] Carries pollutants that cause diarrhea, hepatitis, and leptospirosis.[212][213]
Matanza River Buenos Aires Province,  Argentina 3.5 million people The most polluted river in Latin America and it is considered one of the ten most polluted places globally, with very high levels of lead.[214] Large amounts of industrial waste from the numerous factories along the river, especially tanneries.[215] 25% of children living in urban slums along the water's edge have lead in their bloodstreams, and even more suffer from gastrointestinal and respiratory illness.[215]
Tietê River  Brazil Deemed the most polluted river in Brazil, according to National Geographic in 2010.[216] Pollution from São Paulo Multiple species threatened, or possibly extinct in the case of he catfish Heptapterus multiradiatus.[217]

Historically polluted rivers

Name Location Description
Ayase River Kantō,  Japan The most polluted river in Japan from the 1960s to the 1990s, leading to cleanup efforts.[218]
River Churnet Staffordshire,  England Became possibly the most polluted river in Europe in the 19th century. Improved after the decline of industry in Leek and the Churnet Valley.[219]
Charles River Massachusetts,  United States Suffered from significant industrial pollution called "foul and noisome, polluted by offal and industrious wastes, scummy with oil, unlikely to be mistaken for water."[220] Fish kills and submerged vehicles were a common sight, along with toxic chemical plumes that colored parts of the river pink and orange.[221] The Standells sang about the Charles in their 1965 song "Dirty Water". A combination of public and private initiatives helped drastically lower levels of pollutants, leading to the first "public swims" since the 1950s occurring in 2013.[222]
Columbia Slough Oregon,  United States Became one of Oregon's most polluted waterways due to being used as a waste repository during the first half of the 20th century.[223]
Cuyahoga River Ohio,  United States Infamous for catching on fire at least 14 times due to heavy industrial pollution, helping to spur the American environmental movement and triggering extensive cleanup efforts.[224][225]
Detroit River Metro Detroit, Michigan,  United States Was used for industrial purposes for more than 100 years, leading to thousands of migrating birds dying each year from oil slick and chemicals. The river's oxygen levels were depleted to the point where fish could not inhabit its waters. Because this pollution often drained into and affected Lake Erie, the lake was considered "dead" and unable to support aquatic life.[226][227] Was designated an ecological refuge in 2001, with cleanup efforts leading to the return of many species of native animals.[227]
Don River Ontario,  Canada By the 1960s the river had become a neglected, polluted mess due to undustrial pollution. In 1969, Pollution Probe held a much celebrated "Funeral for the Don" to highlight the plight of the river.[228] The river would have a few species of fish be restored following the closure of industrial sites and cleanup efforts.
East River New York City, New York,  United States Historically the receptacle for the city's garbage and sewage since New Amsterdam, leading to the destruction of the river's ecosystem. Was regarded as dangerous for anyone to fall into it as late as 2007.[229] Environmental controls and cleanups have allowed the ecosystem to gradually rebuild.[176]
Nervión  Spain One of the most polluted rivers in the world due to a century of intense industrial activity causing the lower stretches of the river to become ecologically dead with oxygen levels 20 percent below the norm. Cleanup efforts starting in 1990 as well as the deindustrialization of the area brought about the reintroduction of natural life to the habitat.[230][231]
Saint Louis River Minnesota and Wisconsin,  United States One of the most heavily polluted waterways in Minnesota during the mid 20th century due to historical industrial use of the river, before the onset of modern environmental laws, resulting in the degradation of habitat and sediments contaminated with: mercury, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other toxins.[232] Still suffers from high levels of mercury in fish tissue despite cleanup efforts.[233][234]
Segura  Spain One of the most polluted rivers in Europe in the 1990s,[235] due to the canning industry and urban and agricultural residues from urban areas. Demonstrations and the construction of hundreds of wastewater treatment and collection systems led to the river becoming the Spanish river with the lowest average pollution in the span of just one decade.[236][237]
River Team Tyne and Wear,  England Historically regarded as one of the most polluted rivers in the area due to the discharges from Sewage works near Lamesley and heavy industry in the Team Valley. It is called "The Gut" by the residents of Dunston. However considerable improvements have now been made and the river is relatively clean.[238]
River Trent  England The rapid population increase of the towns that developed following the Industrial Revolution led to an "offensive stench" and thick industrial pollution that peaked in the 1950s.[239][240][239][241]
Vermilion River Louisiana,  United States Gained a reputation as the most polluted river in the United States in the 1970s.[242][243] Improved sewage treatment, low flow streamflow augmentation, and regular in-stream trash collection have changed its public perception to that of a celebrated recreational resource.[242]
River Wandle Greater London,  England Heavily industrialized in the 18th and 19th centuries, during the Industrial Revolution, and was declared one of the most polluted rivers in England. Subsequent cleanup efforts have led to a return of the river's brown trout, as well as chub, roach and dace.[244][245]
Yauza Moscow and Mytishchi,  Russia Referred to as "the biggest gutter for waste in Moscow" due to industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries. The ecology slightly improved in the 2000s, with the closing or conversion of old factories and cleanup efforts by the city government.[246][247]

See also

References

  1. ^ Dessie, Bitew K.; Aschale, Minbale; Assegide, Endaweke; Alamirew, Tena; Walsh, Claire L.; Zeleke, Gete (2024). "Pollution challenges and consequences of the Akaki catchment, Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia: Evidence for policy reform and action". World Water Policy. 10 (1): 363–372. Bibcode:2024WWatP..10..363D. doi:10.1002/wwp2.12169. ISSN 2639-541X.
  2. ^ a b "Akaki River". Gadaa. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  3. ^ Abebe, Yosef; Whitehead, Paul; Alamirew, Tena; Jin, Li; Alemayehu, Esayas (2023). "Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 195 (10): 1188. Bibcode:2023EMnAs.195.1188A. doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z. ISSN 0167-6369. PMC 10497432. PMID 37698767. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  4. ^ "Lower Valley of the Awash". UNESCO World Heritage Site. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b Abebe, Yosef; Whitehead, Paul; Alamirew, Tena; Jin, Li; Alemayehu, Esayas (2023). "Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 195 (10): 1188. Bibcode:2023EMnAs.195.1188A. doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z. ISSN 0167-6369. PMC 10497432. PMID 37698767. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  6. ^ Sesan (2017-12-16). "Nigeria's perilous pollution indices". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  7. ^ a b "Imo decries pollution of Otamiri river by residents". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  8. ^ a b Habtamu Dugo, "Environment in Peril in Oromia, Ethiopia", Independence Institute website, published 8 May 2009
  9. ^ a b Wondwossen Sintayehu, "Action Professionals’ Association for the People vs. Environmental Protection Authority: Report on the Public Interest Litigation Case instituted at the Federal First Instance Court of Ethiopia" Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, submission to the Thematic Workshop on Governance, Civil Society Participation and Strengthening Partnerships for Chemicals and Waste Management and SAICM Implementation, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (accessed 24 April 2011)
  10. ^ Ndiritu, G. G., N. N. Gichuki, P. Kaur, and L. Triest. 2003. The Nairobi river is mainly used by local citizens for bathing, washing clothes, and cleaning their homes. Characterization of environmental gradients using physicochemical measurements and diatom densities in Nairobi River, Kenya. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 6 (3): 343-354.
  11. ^ "Nairobi River Basin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
  12. ^ "The Ba Pedi". Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  13. ^ Contaminated Olifants River Running Out of Time
  14. ^ Smit, NJ; Wepener, V; Vlok, W; Wagenaar, GM; van Vuren, JHJ (2013). Conservation of tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus, in the Kruger National Park with the emphasis on establishing the suitability of the water quantity and quality requirements for the Olifants and Luvuvhu rivers: report to the Water Research Commission (PDF). Gezina [South Africa]: Water Research Commission. p. vi. ISBN 978-1-4312-0358-1. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  15. ^ Joseph M. Murphy, Mei-Mei Sanford (2001). Osun across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas. Indiana University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780253108630.
  16. ^ a b Aina Idowu, Gideon; Oriji, Adewumi Yetunde; Olorunfemi, Kehinde Oluwasiji; Sunday, Michael Oluwatoyin; Sogbanmu, Temitope Olawunmi; Bodunwa, Oluwatoyin Kikelomo; Shokunbi, Oluwatosin Sarah; Aiyesanmi, Ademola Festus (February 2024). "Why Nigeria should ban single-use plastics: Excessive microplastic pollution of the water, sediments and fish species in Osun River, Nigeria". Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 13: 4. Bibcode:2024JHzMA..1300409I. doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100409.
  17. ^ a b VANDERHAEGHEN, YVES (8 March 2024). "Microplastics ban and Nigeria's Osun River". TheCable. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  18. ^ Akindele, Emmanuel O. (2022-09-27). "Nigeria's sacred Osun River supports millions of people - but pollution is making it unsafe". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
  19. ^ "Conservation of River Bharalu, Guwahati -Preparation of Detailed Project Report" (PDF). Pollution Control Board, Assam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  20. ^ a b c "Polluted flows the Bharalu". The Sentinel. 28 February 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d Lakshmi, K.; Deepa H Ramakrishnan (29 September 2011). "Untreated sewage pollutes waterways". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 2 Oct 2011.
  22. ^ Encroachment of MRTS stations on the Canal[dead link‍]
  23. ^ a b Majumder, Azad (19 May 2009). "Bangladesh river pollution threatens millions". Reuters. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  24. ^ a b "The river runs black: pollution from Bangladesh's tanneries – in pictures". the Guardian. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  25. ^ "Pollution control and tannery relocation". Leather International. Global Trade Media. 25 October 2002. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  26. ^ "Toxic Tanneries: The Health Repercussions of Bangladesh's Hazaribagh Leather". Human Rights Watch. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  27. ^ Aulakh, Raveena (12 October 2013). "Bangladesh's tanneries make the sweatshops look good". Toronto Star. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  28. ^ Nana Terangna Bukit (1995). "Water quality conservation for the Citarum River in West Java". Water Science and Technology. 31 (9). IWA Publishing (published May 1995): 1–10. doi:10.1016/0273-1223(95)00400-h. ISSN 0273-1223. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.
  29. ^ "Citarum Nadiku, Mari Rebut Kembali" (in Indonesian). Greenpeace. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  30. ^ Collins, Nancy-Amelia (5 December 2008). "ADB Gives Indonesia $500 Million to Clean Up World's Dirtiest River". VOA News. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  31. ^ Leahy, Stephen (8 November 2013). "Toxic towns and poisoned rivers: a byproduct of industry for the rich". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  32. ^ a b "Indonesia's Citarum: The World's Most Polluted River". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
  33. ^ a b "The Death of the Citarum River: Indonesia's Most Toxic Waterway". Pulitzer Center. 2017-03-13. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
  34. ^ a b c Ramakrishnan, T. (14 December 2009). "City awash with dreams of a clean Cooum". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  35. ^ Umachandran, Shalini (18 August 2009). "Madras in its many moods". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  36. ^ a b Lopez, Aloysius Xavier (4 July 2018). "Demolition along Cooum gathers pace". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  37. ^ Lakshmi, K.; Deepa H. Ramakrishnan (29 September 2011). "Untreated sewage pollutes waterways". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  38. ^ "The Mighty River | Ganga: River From The Skies | National Geographic". National Geographic Society. 29 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  39. ^ Alter, Stephen (2001), Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage Up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindu Culture, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers, ISBN 978-0-15-100585-7, archived from the original on 24 March 2023, retrieved 30 July 2013
  40. ^ a b Rice, Earle (2012), The Ganges River, Mitchell Lane Publishers, Incorporated, p. 25, ISBN 978-1612283685, archived from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 22 March 2017
  41. ^ Bazzi, Mariam (22 September 2020). Reclaiming Riparian Landscapes: The Case of Al-Ghadir River in Southern Beirut. AUB Students' Theses, Dissertations, and Projects (Thesis). p. 91.
  42. ^ a b Mona Fawwaz and Isabella Peillen. "Urban Slums Reports: The case of Beirut, Lebanon". United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  43. ^ a b "نهر الغدير... عيب!". الأخبار (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  44. ^ Bou Akar, Hiba (2012). "Contesting Beirut's Frontiers". City & Society. 24 (2): 150–172. doi:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2012.01073.x.
  45. ^ Илек, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  46. ^ a b "Water resources of Kazakhstan in the new millennium," Water Resources Committee of RK, 2002
  47. ^ Williams, Brian (2016). Daily Life in the Indus Valley Civilization. Raintree. p. 6. ISBN 978-1406298574.
  48. ^ "Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers – 30.11.2017". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018. about 90 per cent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order).
  49. ^ Schmidt, Christian; Krauth, Tobias; Wagner, Stephan (11 October 2017). "Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (21). American Chemical Society (ACS): 12246–12253. Bibcode:2017EnST...5112246S. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 29019247. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  50. ^ "SEPA orders polluting factory to stop production". Dawn. 3 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  51. ^ "An Interfaith Look at the Jordan River". 25 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  52. ^ "Endangered Jordan", Dateline World Jewry, World Jewish Congress, September, 2007
  53. ^ a b Plushnick-Masti, Ramil (10 September 2006). "Raw Sewage Taints Sacred Jordan River". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  54. ^ a b Andersson, Hilary (2000-09-25). "The Holy Land's poisonous river". BBC News. BBC News Online. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  55. ^ Herut, B.; Kress, N.; Hornung, H. (2000-07-01). "Nutrient pollution at the lower reaches of Mediterranean coastal rivers in Israel". Water Science and Technology. 42 (1–2): 147–152. Bibcode:2000WSTec..42..147H. doi:10.2166/wst.2000.0306. ISSN 0273-1223.
  56. ^ Avishai, Nanthawan; Rabinowitz, Claudette; Moiseeva, Elisabeth & Rinkevich, Baruch (2002): Genotoxicity of the Kishon River, Israel: the application of an in vitro cellular assay. Mutation Research 518(1): 21–37. doi:10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00069-4 (HTML abstract)
  57. ^ Defense Ministry to recognize soldiers who swam in toxic river as disabled veterans
  58. ^ a b "Meycauayan, Marilao in world's 'Dirty 30'-- report". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2009-06-07. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  59. ^ a b c Akbar, Syed (17 May 2022). "Lifeline Musi 22nd most toxic river in the world, virtual drug lab". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  60. ^ Enano, Jhesset O. (2021-06-15). "Pasig River world's top dumper of plastics in the ocean, says study". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
  61. ^ Yang, A.Y. (2021-06-09). "Pasig is world's most polluting river — study". Business World. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
  62. ^ Pasig River Rehabilitation Program Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ^ Baclig, Cristina Eloisa (2021-06-15). "Pasig River makes international waves despite being dead". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  64. ^ News, G. M. A. (2018-10-17). "Pasig River rehabilitation program feted in first Asia RiverPrize awards". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2024-12-03. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  65. ^ a b "Save river campaign set to engulf Kerala". India: The Deccan Chronicle. 2013. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  66. ^ Greenpeace India
  67. ^ Periyar River Basin, Chapter 2, Environmental Program on Water Quality, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment
  68. ^ Lai, Olivia (11 May 2022). "Pakistan's Ravi is Most Polluted River in the World from Pharmaceutical Pollution". Earth.Org. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  69. ^ "Pakistan, India Join Hands to Clean Canal". River Basin Initiative. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  70. ^ Jacob Koshy (2018-09-17). "More river stretches are critically polluted: Central Pollution Control Board". The Hindu.
  71. ^ "Delay in Motera STP project turns river into toxic channel". The Times of India. 2024-05-15. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  72. ^ a b Blot across the Capital: Najafgarh most polluted[dead link‍], Sunday, 10 July 2005,The Indian Express
  73. ^ a b minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel, 22 February 2005, The Indian Express
  74. ^ a b Najafgarh basin Delhi's most polluted area, 25 December 2009, The Indian Express
  75. ^ a b Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters, 25 December 2009, The Times of India
  76. ^ a b drain causes less pollution in Yamuna now[dead link‍], 4 July 2006, The Indian Express
  77. ^ Clay, Rebecca (April 2001). "Cold War, Hot Nukes: Legacy of an Era". Environmental Health Perspectives. 109 (4). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: a162–a169. doi:10.1289/ehp.109-a162. PMC 1240291. PMID 11335195. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  78. ^ Techa River Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  79. ^ a b CHELYABINSK "The Most Contaminated Spot on the Planet" – a documentary film by Slawomir Grunberg – Log In Productions – distributed by LogTV LTD
  80. ^ Pike, John. "Chelyabinsk-65 / Ozersk Combine 817 / Production Association Mayak". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  81. ^ "Radioactive Contamination of the Techa River and its Effects". Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
  82. ^ Zaitchik, Alexander (8 October 2007). "Inside the Zone". The Exile. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  83. ^ a b "River Krishna". rainwaterharvesting.org. Centre for Science and Environment. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020.
  84. ^ The Hindu, 6 June 2008
  85. ^ a b c Badri Chaterjee (4 October 2017). "Maharashtra has the most polluted rivers in India: Report". Hindustan Times. Mumbai. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  86. ^ Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007). Hydrology and water resources of India—Volume 57 of Water science and technology library. Springer. pp. 344–354. ISBN 978-1-4020-5179-1. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  87. ^ Sukanan, Darunee (26 November 2019). "A 'sacred' river in India has become polluted beyond belief". Sustainability Times. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  88. ^ a b "Urban Metabolism of River Yamuna in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India". ResearchGate. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  89. ^ a b quote="Today, the Yangtze region is home to more than 400 million people, or nearly one-third of China's population. Some of China's largest cities" Archived December 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine [1][permanent dead link‍]. Retrieved September 10, 2010. (in Chinese)
  90. ^ ABC News (September 7, 2012). "Yangtze River Turns Red and Turns Up a Mystery". ABC News. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  91. ^ WWF UK Case Study 2011 / HSBC:Safeguarding the Yangtze. Celebrating 10 years of conservation success.
  92. ^ China Daily (July 12, 2005). "Isolated Yangtze lakes reunited with mother river". Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
  93. ^ "90 percent of ocean plastic waste comes from Asia and Africa • Earth.com". Earth.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  94. ^ "Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers – 30.11.2017". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018. about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order).
  95. ^ Cardascia, Silvia; Panella, Tom (October 2023). "Achieving Water Security in the Yellow River Basin" (PDF). ADB Briefs. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  96. ^ Mostern, Ruth; Horne, Ryan M. (2021). The Yellow River: A Natural and Unnatural History. Yale University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-300-23833-4. JSTOR j.ctv1vbd1d8.
  97. ^ "Pollution worsens on the Yellow River system -- china.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  98. ^ "行程3000公里 亲眼目睹黄河水污染现状(组图)" [Travelling 3000km to document the pollution of the Yellow River in pictures]. 北京青年报. 2004-09-16 – via Sina.
  99. ^ Water scarcity in relation to food security and sustainable use of biodiversity in Jordan
  100. ^ a b "IUCN - Roadmap for Restoration of the Zarqa River Laid Out". IUCN. 2008-03-05. Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  101. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2012-07-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  102. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2012-07-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  103. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2012-07-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  104. ^ a b c "A good clean up". EHJ online. 2 January 2005. Archived from the original on 26 May 2005.
  105. ^ a b Kimstach, pp. 192, 214, 258, 388–394
  106. ^ a b Daniel P. Loucks (1998). Restoration of degraded rivers: challenges, issues, and experiences. Springer. p. 182. ISBN 0-7923-4942-3.
  107. ^ a b Wisniewski В.І. Гідрологічні characteristics річок Ukraine, Ніка-Center, Kyiv, 2003 (in Ukrainian)
  108. ^ a b Lawton, Graham (25 February 2023). "How healthy is your river?". New Scientist. 257 (3427): 20. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(23)00335-4.
  109. ^ a b c "doiFil / Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade". doi.fil.bg.ac.rs. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  110. ^ Alqiviadh Cullaj, Agim Hasko, Aleko Miho, Ferdinand Schanz, Helmut Brandl, Reinhard Bachofen: The quality of Albanian natural waters and the human impact, in: Environment International 31 (2005)
  111. ^ Mediterranean Association to Save the Sea Turtles (MEDASSET) (December 2009). "Monitoring and Conservation of Important Sea Turtle Feeding Grounds in the Patok Area of Albania: Annual Report 2009" (PDF). Seaturtle.org. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
  112. ^ FoNet (29 September 2019). "Najzagađenije su reke u Vojvodini" [Most polluted rivers are in Vojvodina]. Danas (in Serbian).
  113. ^ a b c Nataša Kovačev (29 September 2019). "Krivaja postaje "Nemaja": Najduža vojvođanska reka, zbog navodnjavanja, nestaje" [Krivaja becomes "Nemaja": the longest river in Vojvodina is disappearing because of the irrigation] (in Serbian). N1. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  114. ^ a b Snoj, Marko (2009). Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Ljubljana: Modrijan. pp. 261–262.
  115. ^ kontakt@naukowiec.org, naukowiec.org. "Największe rzeki w Polsce". Naukowiec.org. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  116. ^ "Tabl. 10.6 Odpływ metali ciężkich rzekami do Morza Bałtyckiego w 2012 r.". Rocznik statystyczny gospodarki morskiej 2013. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2014-01-21. p. 338. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2022. "Results of the State Environmental Monitoring in the field of Water Monitoring" by Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection
  117. ^ "official statistic". GIOS. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  118. ^ "Rare golden algae may have caused fish deaths in Oder River, says minister". www.theguardian.com. 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  119. ^ Auto, Hermes (11 August 2022). "Dead fish in River Oder on Poland-Germany border spur contamination probe | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  120. ^ Strzelecki, Marek (11 August 2022). "Dead fish in River Oder on Polish/German border spur contamination probe". Reuters. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  121. ^ "Ten tonnes of dead fish hauled out of polluted River Odra". www.thefirstnews.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  122. ^ Albanese, S; Iavazzo, P; Adamo, P; Lima, A; De Vivo, B (2013). "Assessment of the environmental conditions of the Sarno river basin (south Italy): a stream sediment approach". Environ Geochem Health. 35 (3): 283–97. Bibcode:2013EnvGH..35..283A. doi:10.1007/s10653-012-9483-x. PMID 23053925. S2CID 3427960.
  123. ^ a b Peter Greenberg, Don't Go There! The Travel Detective's Essential Guide to the Must-Miss Places of the World. St Martins Press, 2008, S. 27–28
  124. ^ a b Montuori, P.; Lama, P.; Aurino, S.; Naviglio, D.; Triassi, M. (March 2013). "Metals loads into the Mediterranean Sea: estimate of Sarno River inputs and ecological risk". Ecotoxicology. 22 (2): 295–307. Bibcode:2013Ecotx..22..295M. doi:10.1007/s10646-012-1026-9. ISSN 0963-9292. PMID 23229134.
  125. ^ a b Fernández-Remolar, David C.; Morris, Richard V.; Gruener, John E.; Amils, Ricardo; Knoll, Andrew H. (2005). "The Río Tinto Basin, Spain: Mineralogy, sedimentary geobiology, and implications for interpretation of outcrop rocks at Meridiani Planum, Mars". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 240 (1): 149–167. Bibcode:2005E&PSL.240..149F. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.043.
  126. ^ Amaral Zettler, Linda A.; Messerli, Mark A.; Laatsch, Abby D.; Smith, Peter J. S.; Sogin, Mitchell L. (2003-04-01). "From Genes to Genomes: Beyond Biodiversity in Spain's Rio Tinto". The Biological Bulletin. 204 (2): 205–209. doi:10.2307/1543560. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1543560. PMID 12700155. S2CID 25932347.
  127. ^ Bordenstein, Sarah. "Rio Tinto, Spain". Science Education Resource Center. Carleton College. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  128. ^ Minder, Raphael (April 12, 2012). "In Struggling Spanish Town, Hopes of Reopening Mine Are Delayed". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
  129. ^ Rubio, Francisco; Arias, Mauro (21 April 2023). "¿Es Posible Rescatar al Río Acelhuate de Su Muerte?" [Is It Possible to Rescue the Acelhuate River from Its Death?]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  130. ^ Meza, Frederick (22 March 2018). "Aún Hay Vida en el Contaminado Acelhuate" [There is Still Life in the Polluted Acelhuate]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  131. ^ "The history of the Anacostia River - The Washington Post". The Washington Post. 2022-07-14. Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  132. ^ Farenthold, David A. (2008-06-17). "Waste-Deep in the Big Muddy". The Washington Post. Interactive map
  133. ^ a b c d Murray, Rianna; Wilson, Sacoby (April 29, 2015). "Should We Put Our Feet in the Water? Use of a Survey to Assess Recreational Exposures to Contaminants in the Anacostia River". Environmental Health Insights. 9 (Suppl 2): 19–27. Bibcode:2015EnvHI...9S9594M. doi:10.4137/EHI.S19594. PMC 4476373. PMID 26124665.
  134. ^ "Study Reveals D.C. Community near Anacostia River Are Eating and Sharing Contaminated Fish | response.restoration.noaa.gov". response.restoration.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  135. ^ "Blackstone River Watershed". Rhode Island Rivers Council. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
  136. ^ Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District (UBWPAD)
  137. ^ "Blackstone River Watershed 2003–2007 Water Quality Assessment Report" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Division of Watershed Management. March 2010. p. xi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  138. ^ "Calleguas Creek among most polluted". Ventura County Star. July 22, 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  139. ^ a b Peter M. Garber The Mexico-US Free Trade Agreement, 19 January 1994
  140. ^ Oil Spill in Coatzacoalcos River and Beach. Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Veracruz, Republic of Mexico, 22 December 2004
  141. ^ a b Hopey, Don (2000-02-18). "Pa. ranks 2nd worst in toxic dumping". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
  142. ^ "Delaware River". www.americanrivers.org. American Rivers. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  143. ^ "DRB river-mileage spreadsheet" (PDF). River Mileage System. Delaware River Basin Commission. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  144. ^ a b c "Environmental group: Delaware River tops list of most polluted waterways". Bucks Local News. Mar 29, 2012. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  145. ^ a b Augenstein, Seth (April 5, 2012). "Delaware River is 5th most polluted river in U.S., environmental group says". NJ.com News. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  146. ^ González, Paulina Martinez; Hernández, Eduardo (2009). "Impactos de la contaminación del Río Santiago en el bienestar de los habitantes de El Salto, Jalisco / Impacts from Contamination of the Santiago River on the Well-being of the Inhabitants of El Salto, Jalisco" (PDF). Espacio Abierto Cuaderno Venezolano de Sociología. 18 (4): 708–729, page 711.
  147. ^ "To Kill A River, How Mexico's Santiago Was Polluted Beyond Repair". worldcrunch.com. 22 October 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  148. ^ Enciso L., Angelica (25 March 2013). "Muerte lenta del río Santiago por contaminación". La Jornada. Mexico City. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Citing the report "Actualización del estudio de calidad del agua del río Santiago"
  149. ^ Alcocer, Javier, Elva Escobar, and Alfonso Lugo. "Water Use (And Abuse) and Its Effects on the Crater‐lakes of Valle De Santiago, Mexico." Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 5.3 (2000): 145–149.
  150. ^ Gómez-Balandra, María Antonieta, Edmundo Díaz-Pardo, and Altagracia Gutiérrez-Hernández. "Composición De La Comunidad íctica De La Cuenca Del Río Santiago, México, Durante Su Desarrollo Hidráulico Fish Community Composition of the Santiago River Basin, Mexico, During Its Hydraulic Development." Hidrobiológica, 22.1 (2012): 62–68.
  151. ^ State Dept. of Envtl. Prot. v. Ventron Corp., 94 NJ 473 (Supreme Court of New Jersey 1983).
  152. ^ "Berry's Creek/Berry's Creek Canal". Meadowlands Environmental Site Investigation Compilation. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District. May 2004.
  153. ^ Wright, Jim. "Hackensack River is getting cleaner."The Record. August 26, 2007. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  154. ^ "Watershed Management Area 5 Factsheet" (PDF). NJDEP. 2007-07-17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27.
  155. ^ "Restoring the Lower Hackensack River: Investigation and Cleanup under EPA's Superfund Program". nj.gov. NJDEP.
  156. ^ Zeitlinger, Ron; Maher, Jake (March 17, 2022). "Lower Hackensack River to be added to list of EPA Superfund sites". The Jersey Journal. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  157. ^ "Hackensack River added to list of NJ Superfund sites, triggering a miles-long cleanup". The Record. 2022-09-07. Retrieved 2022-09-08.
  158. ^ a b Domínguez, Cuca (March 12, 2007). "Río Lerma, el más contaminado de la cuenca" (in Spanish). Guanajuato: Correo: El diario del estado de Guanajuato. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2008-08-04.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  159. ^ Helmer/ Hespanhol, R./I. (1997). How good are branching rules in DPLL (PDF) (Technical report). WHO. ISBN 0-419-22910-8.
  160. ^ "Mexico: Aserveran que el Rio Lerma trae muerte en el municipio de Pénjamo". Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  161. ^ "The Voice of the Merrimack". Merrimack River Watershed Council. 2007.
  162. ^ Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests (February 16, 2019). "Merrimack: River at Risk". Forest Society. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  163. ^ US EPA, REG 01 (August 15, 2016). "Environmental Challenges for the Merrimack River". www.epa.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  164. ^ a b U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2006. Merrimack River Watershed Assessment. Available from: New England District, Manchester, NH.
  165. ^ Kolpin, Dana W. (2000). "Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural–chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle". Science of the Total Environment. 248 (2–3): 71–72. Bibcode:2000ScTEn.248...71K. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00530-6.
  166. ^ a b "Lengths of the major rivers". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
  167. ^ a b "Dead Zone: Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico" (PDF). NOAA. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  168. ^ Slat, Boyan (2022). "The Ocean Cleanup Trials New Interceptor in World's Most Polluting River". The Ocean Cleanup. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  169. ^ US Army Corps of Engineers Mobile District & Topographic Engineering Center. (2000). Water Resources Assessment of Guatemala. https://www.sam.usace.army.mil/Portals/46/docs/military/engineering/docs/WRA/Guatemala/Guatemala%20WRA%20English.pdf
  170. ^ a b Mazariegos-Ortíz, Carlos; de los Ángeles Rosales, María; Carrillo-Ovalle, Leonel; Cardoso, Renan Pereira; Muniz, Marcelo Costa; dos Anjos, Roberto Meigikos (2020). "First evidence of microplastic pollution in the El Quetzalito sand beach of the Guatemalan Caribbean". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 156: 111220. Bibcode:2020MarPB.15611220M. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111220. PMID 32365004. S2CID 218504601.
  171. ^ Schulze, Alex. "A river of plastic: How 4ocean plans to clean up the Motagua River". Oceanographic. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  172. ^ "New River Pollution in Mexico, A Historical Overview" (PDF). Regional Water Quality Control Board. December 1, 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  173. ^ "Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Health Assessment and Consultation, Atlanta, Georgia" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. February 28, 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  174. ^ a b Staff (December 12, 2008). "Newtown Creek Clean-Up Efforts". The City Concealed. Thirteen (WNET.org). Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  175. ^ Smith, Peter Andrey (December 16, 2013). "Liquid Cow and Black Mayo". New York. p. 20.
  176. ^ a b Eldredge, Niles; Horenstein, Sidney (2014-10-23). Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-27015-2.
  177. ^ "Quick Facts | The Ohio River". Archived from the original on October 23, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  178. ^ a b "Largest Rivers in the United States". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  179. ^ a b c Bruggers, James. "Ohio River again tops list for industrial pollution". Louisville Courier Journal. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  180. ^ Fallon, Scott (April 11, 2014). "$1.7 billion plan to clean up the Passaic River unveiled". The Record. Archived from the original on 2014-04-15.
  181. ^ Baxter, Christopher (2019-03-31). "2nd N.J. chemical company held liable for lower Passaic River pollution cleanup". New Jersey On-Line. Iselin, NJ: Advance Local Media LLC.
  182. ^ Hugh McDiarmid, Jr. (July 2011). "When our rivers caught fire". Michigan Environmental Report. Michigan Environmental Council. Retrieved Nov 7, 2011. In 1969 ... the oil-matted Rouge River in Detroit caught fire, shooting flames 50 feet in the air ...
  183. ^ a b Environmental Protection Agency, US (2015-04-03). "About Rouge River AOC". US EPA. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
  184. ^ a b Aquatic Nuisance Control & Remedial Action Unit, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (2008). "The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Biennial Remedial Action Plan for the Rouge River Area of Concern" Department of Environmental Equality.
  185. ^ "USGS National Atlas Streamer". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  186. ^ "Section 4.6 – Hydrology and Water Quality" (PDF). San Gabriel River Corridor Master Plan: Draft Program EIR. Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. Feb 2005. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  187. ^ "San Gabriel River Watershed" (PDF). State Water Resources Control Board. California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  188. ^ "San Gabriel River Watershed" (PDF). State Water Resources Control Board. California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  189. ^ Schiff, Kenneth; et al. (2007). "Wet and dry weather toxicity in the San Gabriel River" (PDF). Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
  190. ^ "San Gabriel Valley Groundwater Basin" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. 2004-02-27. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  191. ^ Schiff, Kenneth; et al. (2007). "Wet and dry weather toxicity in the San Gabriel River" (PDF). Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
  192. ^ a b c "Reviving the San Joaquin". Clean Water Program Reports. Environment California. 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  193. ^ Bard, Carla (1995-10-30). "Perspective on Pollution: Nasty Plans for Our Drinking Water: San Joaquin Valley agribusiness wants to reopen a sluice of toxic waste leading to the California Aqueduct". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  194. ^ Lee, Lavender. "Iron Mountain Mine". Online Data Resources of California. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  195. ^ "Abandoned Mine Lands Case Study" (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  196. ^ "CVP- Shasta/Trinity River Divisions". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  197. ^ "The Tarcoles River of Costa Rica". Costa Rica. 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  198. ^ a b Ballestero, Maureen (2003). "Tárcoles River Basin, Costa Rica: Background Paper" (PDF). worldbank.org.
  199. ^ a b Sebastian Rodriguez (1 March 2017). "Tárcoles: The most contaminated river in Central America". Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense (Aida). Retrieved 2019-02-05.
  200. ^ Weber, Christopher (26 February 2017). "Large sewage spill in Tijuana, Mexico, flows north of border". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  201. ^ Udasin, Sharon (13 February 2024). "San Diego County faces multifront health threat amid transboundary sewage flow from Mexico". The Hill. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  202. ^ Graham, Marty (6 June 2017). "Border Patrol on Tijuana River gains respect from enviros". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  203. ^ Wagner, Dennis; Harris, Craig; Soto, Juilieta; Yang, Madeline (9 March 2023). "Promises, Promises: Tijuana sewage crisis sickens tens of thousands". The Coronado News. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  204. ^ Sally Macmillan (24 January 2009). "Darling River townships offer historic route". The Courier-Mail. Queensland Newspapers. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  205. ^ "Two thirds of farmland at risk of pesticide pollution". University of Sydney. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  206. ^ Nearmy, Tracey (24 October 2019). "Thirst turns to anger as Australia's mighty river runs dry". Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  207. ^ "Algal Blooms". CSIRO Land and Water. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  208. ^ "New South Wales government largely culpable for fish kill, report finds". The Guardian. 2019-01-18. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28.
  209. ^ Ormonde, Bill; Stonehouse, Greta (18 March 2023). "Millions of fish dead in the worst mass kill ever to hit Menindee region, in NSW's far west". ABC News. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  210. ^ "Tasmania's poisoned rivers become PHD students' classroom". ABC News. 24 September 2016.
  211. ^ a b c Mount Lyell Remediation Research and Demonstration Program; Taylor, Jeff R; Tasmania. Department of Environment and Land Management (1996), Mount Lyell remediation : characterisation and impact assessment of mine tailings in the King River system and delta, Western Tasmania, Supervising Scientist, ISBN 978-0-642-24304-1
  212. ^ a b c Rio, Do G1 (2015-03-21). "Pesquisa aponta para aumento da poluição nos rios do Rio". Rio de Janeiro (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  213. ^ a b c Schlee, Mônica Bahia; Tamminga, Kenneth R.; Tangari, Vera Regina (2012-08-31). "A Method for Gauging Landscape Change as a Prelude to Urban Watershed Regeneration: The Case of the Carioca River, Rio de Janeiro". Sustainability. 4 (9): 2054–2098. doi:10.3390/su4092054. ISSN 2071-1050.
  214. ^ "El río Matanza, un lugar inhabitable para cinco millones de argentinos". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 2019-12-27. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  215. ^ a b "Life Along a Poisoned River". The New Yorker. 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  216. ^ Sabrina Valle (23 September 2010). "Pictures: Toxic Foam Chokes Brazil River". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  217. ^ ICMBio (Ministry of the Environment, Brazil): Portaria MMA nº 445, de 17 de dezembro de 2014. Lista de Especies Ameaçadas – Saiba Mais. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  218. ^ Oishi, Masao; Ikushima, Yoshimi (2008). "The Most Polluted River in Japan: Ayasegawa River ~Campaign Breaking the Worst One~" (PDF)
  219. ^ "Salmon back in river 100 years on". BBC News. 23 September 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  220. ^ "Things to Know About Moving to Boston, MA | Cross Country Move Guide". Charles River Conservancy. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  221. ^ Daley, Beth (April 24, 2005). "Group Eyes Lawsuit Over Charles River Pollution". Boston.com. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  222. ^ "Charles River opens for first public swim since the 1950s". The Boston Globe.
  223. ^ Stroud, Ellen (1999). "Troubled Waters in Ecotopia: Environmental Racism in Portland, Oregon" (PDF). Radical History Review. 1999 (74). New York, N.Y.: MARHO: 65–95. doi:10.1215/01636545-1999-74-65. ISSN 0163-6545. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  224. ^ "The Myth of the Cuyahoga River Fire, Podcast and transcript, Episode 241". Science History Institute. May 28, 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  225. ^ "51 Years Later, the Cuyahoga River Burns Again". Outside Magazine. August 28, 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  226. ^ Hartig, John (July 17, 2007). "The Detroit River's amazing comeback". ESPN. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  227. ^ a b Swan, James (March 19, 2009). "Return of the Detroit River's Charismatic Megafauna". Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  228. ^ Task Force to Bring Back the Don (1998). "Story of the Don". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07.
  229. ^ Staff (August 30, 2007). "Welcome, Students. Now Watch It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
  230. ^ "onomastikaz". www.santurtzieus.com. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  231. ^ "Las cascadas naturales más impresionantes de España - Vipealo" (in Spanish). 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  232. ^ Environmental Protection Agency (March 25, 2015). "St. Louis River AOC". Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  233. ^ "Protocol for a Uniform Great Lakes Sport Fish Consumption Advisory" (PDF). Great Lakes Sport Fish Advisory Task Force. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016.
  234. ^ "Fish Consumption Guidelines for the General Population, Rivers" (PDF).
  235. ^ Méndez, Rafael (16 February 2014). "Enclaves naturales que han vuelto a la vida". El País. El País Semanal. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  236. ^ El río Segura, de aquellos lodos estos galardones, El Mundo
  237. ^ 2016 European Riverprize finalists
  238. ^ "Glossary (see Biological quality element; Chemical status; and Ecological status)". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. 17 February 2016. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
  239. ^ a b Martin; Brewin (1994). Rofe (ed.). Quality Improvements in the Trent Catchment. Thomas Telford. pp. 40–50. ISBN 978-0-7277-1991-1. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  240. ^ "The Duke of Sutherland and River Trent Pollution". Sutherland Collection. sutherlandcollection.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  241. ^ Langford; Worthington; Shaw; Kemp; Woolgar; Ferguson; Harding (2012). Boon; Raven (eds.). River Conservation and Management. John Wiley & Sons. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-119-96181-9. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  242. ^ a b Segura, Erin (April 4, 2016). "How Bayou Vermilion went from the most polluted river to a prized resource". Daily Advertiser. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  243. ^ Kidder, Kimberly; et al. (April 15, 2014). "Vermilion River Pollution". MEDIA NOLA, A Project of Tulane University. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  244. ^ "Save the River Wandle". The Field. 2008-01-21. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  245. ^ "Wandle recovers,declared best waterway in UK". The Asian Age. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  246. ^ Colton, Timothy J. (1995). Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-58749-6.
  247. ^ "State of environment in Moscow in 2008 (Доклад о состоянии окружающей среды в Москве в 2008 году)" (in Russian). Government of Moscow. 2009.
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya