Jazz standards are musical compositions that are widely known, performed and recorded by jazz artists as part of the genre's musical repertoire. This list includes compositions written before 1920 that are considered standards by at least one major fake book publication or reference work. Some of the tunes listed were instant hits and quickly became well-known standards, while others were popularized later. The time of the most influential recordings of a song, where appropriate, is indicated on the list.
From its conception at the change of the twentieth century, jazz was music intended for dancing. This influenced the choice of material played by early jazz groups: King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, New Orleans Rhythm Kings and others included many Tin Pan Alleypopular songs in their repertoire, and record companies often used their power to dictate which songs were to be recorded by their artists. Certain songs were pushed by recording executives and therefore quickly achieved standard status; this started with the first jazz recordings in 1917, when the Original Dixieland Jass Band recorded "Darktown Strutters' Ball" and "Indiana".[1] Originally simply called "jazz", the music of early jazz bands is today often referred to as "Dixieland" or "New Orleans jazz", to distinguish it from more recent subgenres.[2]
"Careless Love". Traditional song of unknown origin, copyrighted by W. C. Handy in 1921.[6] Handy published his version with modified lyrics titled "Loveless Love".
"St. James Infirmary Blues" is an American blues song and jazz standard of uncertain origin. Louis Armstrong made the song famous in his 1928 recording on which Don Redman was credited as composer; later releases gave the name Joe Primrose, a pseudonym of Irving Mills. Other jazz-oriented versions include a 1941 recording by Artie Shaw and His Orchestra, with Hot Lips Page providing vocals.
"When the Saints Go Marching In". Traditional gospel hymn possibly originating in nineteenth-century New Orleans as a funeral march.[7] The song was popularized in 1938 by Louis Armstrong, who recorded it more than 40 times during his career.[8] The song is often called "The Saints".[8] It is requested notoriously often in performances of Dixieland bands, and sometimes requests for it even have a higher price than normal requests.[8]
1901 – "High Society". Composition by Porter Steele. Originally written as a march and published as a rag, the song soon became one of the most popular tunes of the early New Orleans jazz repertoire.[9] A counterpoint to the melody was arranged by Robert Recker for the piccolo in 1901 and made famous by clarinetist Alphonse Picou.[10] The complex countermelody was often used in auditions for brass band clarinet players.[9][11]King Oliver's Jazz Band popularized the tune in 1923, and other influential recordings were made by Abe Lyman and His Orchestra in 1932 and by Jelly Roll Morton's New Orleans Jazzmen in 1939.[12]
1902 – "Bill Bailey". Ragtime song written by Hughie Cannon. It continued the story of an earlier coon song, "Ain't Dat a Shame" by Walter Wilson and John Queen.[13] The song was introduced by Queen in vaudeville and first recorded by Arthur Collins in 1902.[14] Its popularity inspired a host of "Bill Bailey" songs, including Cannon's own "He Done Me Wrong", which used a variation of the melody from "Frankie and Johnny".[15][14] Originally titled "Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home?", the song is also known as "Won't You Come Home Bill Bailey".[16]
1910 – "Some of These Days".[21] Popular song by Shelton Brooks. It was popularized by vaudeville performer Sophie Tucker, who used it as her theme song.[22] Tucker recorded the song six times, and sang it in the films Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) and Follow the Boys (1944). Brooks's distinctively modern composition was not derived from any of the popular song elements of the time, and the song is considered one of the earliest American pop standards.[22][23]
1911 – "Alexander's Ragtime Band".[24] Popular song by Irving Berlin. Introduced by vaudeville performer Emma Carus in Chicago,[25] it was Berlin's first international hit and the biggest Tin Pan Alley hit of the time.[26] Although the music contained few ragtime elements, it started a ragtime craze and introduced the vernacular as a valid form of expression in song lyrics.[26] The melody was allegedly copied from a Scott Joplin composition.[27]
1912 – "The Memphis Blues".[28] Blues composition by W. C. Handy with lyrics by George A. Norton. It is one of the earliest printed blues compositions, and two of its three sections are in the twelve-bar blues form.[29] The song possibly originated from a campaign tune for Memphis politician Edward Crump titled "Mr. Crump".[30][31] Handy claimed composer credit for "Mr. Crump", but some Memphis musicians claimed it was actually written by Handy's clarinetist, Paul Wyer.[32]
1914 – "St. Louis Blues".[36] Blues composition by W. C. Handy. It is the most widely performed blues song and the most popular jazz standard written before the 1920s.[37][38] It was the most recorded jazz standard for over 20 years.[38] The song was initially only moderately successful, but later became a big hit when vaudeville and revue performers started singing it in their shows.[39] The Original Dixieland Jazz Band recorded the first jazz version in 1921; other notable jazz recordings include Louis Armstrong with blues singer Bessie Smith in 1925 and virtuoso pianist Art Tatum in 1933.[38] The composition combines the traditional twelve-bar blues form with sections in tango rhythm,[40] and its success earned Handy the title "Father of the Blues".[41] Called the "jazzman's Hamlet",[42] it has inspired the Foxtrot dance step[43] and the name of the St. Louis hockey team.
1915 – "I Ain't Got Nobody".[55][56] Song composed by Spencer Williams with lyrics by Roger Graham. Charles Warfield, composer of "Baby Won't You Please Come Home", has disputed the song's authorship, asserting that he had composed it.[57] Warfield copyrighted the song as "I Ain't Got Nobody and Nobody Cares for Me" with David Young and Marie Lucas in 1914.[58][59] It was introduced by Bert Williams in vaudeville, where it was also a popular number for Sophie Tucker.[60] The first of many hit records was by Marion Harris in 1917; Harris recorded the song several times afterwards.[59][61] The 1939 film Paris Honeymoon with Bing Crosby revived the song's success, and Louis Prima recorded an influential arrangement of it in 1944, paired with "Just a Gigolo".[60]
1915 – "Weary Blues".[62] Ragtime number by Artie Matthews; the published lyrics by George Cates and Mort Greene are almost never performed. It was written for a competition publisher John Stark organized to compete with the success of W. C. Handy's "St. Louis Blues", and quickly became a hit.[63] The first recording was by the Louisiana Five in 1919, and the New Orleans Rhythm Kings recorded their version in 1923.[64] It was the first jazz number to be played in the White House.[65] Originally titled "The Pastime Rag #8",[65] the song is also known as "Shake It and Break It".[66]
1916 – "Beale Street Blues".[67] Blues song by W. C. Handy. Written about the lively black neighborhood in Memphis, Tennessee, the Beale Street,[68] it was first recorded by Prince's Band in 1917.[69]Earl Fuller's 1917 hit recording started Handy's commercial success as a composer, earning him more money in royalties than he had ever seen in one place.[70]Gilda Gray's performance in the Broadway musical Gaieties of 1919 caused a sensation in Broadway circles previously unexposed to blues music.[71] The song later became a signature tune of trombonist Jack Teagarden.[72]
1917 – "Darktown Strutters' Ball".[77] Popular song by Shelton Brooks. It was introduced by the vaudeville trio of Benny Fields, Benny Davis and Jack Salisbury.[78] The Original Dixieland Jass Band's instrumental recording from 1917 (coupled with "Indiana" from the same session) is one of the earliest recorded jazz performances.[79][80] It became an instant hit, selling over a million copies.[81] Sheet music sales for the song exceeded three million.[82] The song is also known as "At the Darktown Strutters' Ball" or "Strutters' Ball".
1917 – "Rose Room".[86] Jazz song composed by Art Hickman with lyrics by Harry Williams.[87] Also known as "In Sunny Roseland", the tune is usually played as an instrumental because of its flowery lyrics.[88] First recorded by Joseph C. Smith's Orchestra in 1918, it was popularized by Duke Ellington in 1932; Ellington later used the tune's chord progression for his 1939 composition "In a Mellow Tone".[88]Charlie Christian used the song as his "audition" piece for the Benny Goodman Sextet in 1939, appearing uninvited at a gig and playing a 45-minute rendition of the song with the band.[89]
1917 – "Tiger Rag". Ragtime composition first recorded by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917.[90] The music was credited to band members Eddie Edwards, Nick La Rocca, Henry Ragas, Tony Sbarbaro and Larry Shields, and lyrics to Harry Da Costa; however, several New Orleans musicians claimed that the tune had already existed for years before the ODJB's recording.[90]Jelly Roll Morton claimed in an interview that he had composed it.[90] The music was possibly based on an old French quadrille.[91][92]Louis Armstrong recorded the tune in 1930, and based his 1927 composition "Hotter Than That" on its chord progression. Art Tatum made an influential piano recording of the tune in 1932.[90] Immediately popular after its initial release, the tune fell out of fashion during the swing era, and is rarely performed by jazz musicians today.[90]
1918 – "Clarinet Marmalade"'. Dixieland composition by Larry Shields of the Original Dixieland Jass Band. It is described as a "small-combo ensemble piece with strong links to the march tradition".[98] It was influential on a number of jazz musicians in the 1920s, later popularized by Fletcher Henderson in 1926 and Frankie Trumbauer in 1927 and introduced to many white groups in the late 1920s. The original is dominated by Larry Shields's solo on clarinet, accompanied by Henry Ragas.[99][100] In 1919, the song became a staple of the touring James Reese Europe band.[98]
1918 – "Ja-Da".[101] Popular song by Bob Carleton. It was written for singer Cliff Edwards, who became a big name in vaudeville due to the song's popularity.[102]Arthur Fields made a hit recording in of it in 1918.[103] The song was written as a parody of popular Asian-influenced songs of the early twentieth century.[104]Thelonious Monk's unreleased 1952 composition "Sixteen" was based on the song's chord progression, also similar to Sonny Rollins's 1954 tune "Doxy".[105] The song is also known as "Ja Da, Ja Da, Jing Jing Jing!".[106]
1919 – "Baby Won't You Please Come Home". Blues song written by Charles Warfield and co-credited to publisher Clarence Williams.[57] Williams published the sheet music in 1923, and the same year Bessie Smith recorded the first hit version.[57] The song is often played as a ballad, although the sheet music indicates "medium bounce tempo".[107] Williams himself recorded the song in 1928 with his Blue Five.[57]Jo Stafford and Nat King Cole sang it in the 1945 film That's the Spirit.[108]
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