List of wars involving Egypt

This is a list of wars involving the Arab Republic of Egypt and its predecessor states.

Egyptian victory

Egyptian defeat

Another result*

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Egypt, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result

Prehistoric Egypt (c. 6200-3100 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Unification Wars of Upper Egypt (c. 3600–3200 BC)	Thinis	Naqada	Thinis victory Scorpion I unified Upper Egypt The Upper Crown of Egypt would then become the symbol of a united Upper Egypt under one ruler.	Scorpion I	Unknown,but in the thousands king Taurus killed

Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2890 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt	Upper Egypt	Lower Egypt	Upper Egypt victory Unification of egypt	Narmer	?
Egyptian expedition to Nubia	First Dynasty of Egypt	Nubian people	Victory	Hor-Aha	?
Egypto-Nubian conflict (c. 3100–3000 BC)	First Dynasty of Egypt	A-Group culture (Nubia)	Victory A-Group culture destroyed by the pharaohs of Egypt.^[1] Lower Nubia was not inhabited for centuries afterwards.^[1]	Djer or Djet^[2]	?
War of succession	Horus Bird	Sneferka	inconclusive Neither side wins Egypt reunified later on byHotepsekhemwy	Hotepsekhemwy	?
War of the gods	Khasekhemwy	followers of the god Horus followers of the god Set	Pharaoh victory Lower and upper Egypt reunited	Khasekhemwy	?

Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia and Libya (c. 2600 BC)^[3]^[4]^[5]	Fourth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians Libyans	Victory Thousands of cattle and prisoners taken as spoils	Sneferu	?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia,Sinai and southern Canaan	Sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians Bedouins Canaanites	Victory a booty of men and goods was brought back to Egypt for presentation to the pharaoh	Pepi I Meryre	?

Middle Kingdom Period (c. 2055-1650 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Reunification of Egypt	Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt (Thebes)	Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (Heracleopolis)	Theban victory end of the First Intermediate Period	Mentuhotep II	?
Egyptian campaign in nubia	Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt	Nubia	Victory End of Nubian independence	Mentuhotep II	?
Expedition to Punt	Eleventh dynasty of Egypt	Land of Punt	Victory the region cleared of rebels dug 12 wells for future expeditions returned from Punt with many goods	Mentuhotep III	?
Egyptian Campaign in Lower Nubia (c. 1953 BC)^[6]	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Various peoples in Lower Nubia.	Victory Nubians defeated and Egyptian colonisation of Lower Nubia.	Senusret I	?
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia (c. 1870–1859 BC)^[7]	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Various Nubian peoples	Victory Nubians defeated and Egyptian expansion into Nubia.^[8]	Senusret III	?
Egyptian Campaign in Canaan (Between c. 1880 and c. 1840 BC)	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Shechem Retjenu	Victory Both Shechem and Retjenu defeated by Egypt.^[9]	Senusret III	?

Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Theban-Hyksos conflict	Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt	Hyksos	Victory fall of the Hyksos kingdom Egypt invades Levantine territory and gains a bridgehead in the Levant beginning of the new kingdom period	Seqenenre Tao,Kamose, Ahmose I	?

New Kingdom Period (c. 1550-1077 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Egyptian compaigns in the Levant and Syria	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Asiatics	Victory Hundreds of cities destroyed	Ahmose I	?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians	Victory Nubian king killed by Thutmose I and hung from the prow of his ship permanently extending the Egyptian military presence in Nubia	Thutmose I	?
Egyptian campaign in the Levant and Syria	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Canaanites Naharin	Victory Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose As many as 20 sites in the Levant suffered destruction First time Egyptians ever crossed the Euphrates River	Thutmose I	?
Rebellions in Nubia	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians rebels	Victory Nubian independence ended for 500 years Nubia did not dare revolt as often as it had and was easily controlled by future Egyptian kings	Thutmose I	?
Nubian Rebellion	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubian rebels	Victory revolt easily crushed	Thutmose II	?
Egyptian conquest of Cyprus	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Cyprus	Victory Egyptian rule of Cyprus Inhabitants forced to pay tribute	Thutmose III	?
Egyptian conquest of Punt ^[10]	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Punt	Victory	Thutmose III	?
Egyptian Campaign in the Levant (1458–1457 BC)	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Canaanites Kadesh Megiddo Kingdom of Mitanni Hurrians	Victory Egyptian victory at the Battle of Megiddo, resulting in expansion of Egyptian empire.^[11]	Thutmose III	4,000 at the Battle of Megiddo
Conquest of Syria	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Asiatics	Victory Many cities in Syria,jordan,Lebanon and Canaan taken	Thutmose III	?
Egyptian attack on Mitanni	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Mitanni	Victory Mitanni conquered with little resistance Thutmose III went from city to city and pillaged them	Thutmose III	?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubia	Victory Expansion of the Egyptian empire	Thutmose III	?
Egyptian-Hittite conflict	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Hittites	inconclusive^[12] Egypt briefly recaptures southern Syrian territory from the Hittites Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty	Seti I, Ramses II	?
Sea Peoples' invasion of Egypt	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt	Sea Peoples	Victory Egyptians defeat the Sea Peoples in two land and sea battles invasion repelled	Ramses III	?

Late Period (c. 664-332 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Reunification of Egypt	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Kingdom of Lydia	kinglets of the Dodecarchy Libyan tribes Neo-Assyrian Empire	Victory in 654 BCE, Psamtik I was firmly in control of all Egypt Fall of Ashdod The capture of Ashdod may have effectively reflected part of the transfer of power from the crumbling Assyrian Empire to the new Egyptian 26th Dynasty	Psamtik I	?
Egyptian campaign in the Kingdom of Judah	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Kingdom of Judah	Victory Subjugation of Judah by the twenty sixth dynasty.^[13]	Necho II	Undetermined, but low
Egyptian Babylonian war	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Neo-Babylonian Empire Persians Scythians Medes	Victory egyptian capture of Kummuh and Gaza	Necho II	?
Egyptian conquest of Cyprus	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Cyprus	Victory Egyptian control over Cyprus	Amasis II	?

Ptolemaic Kingdom (310-30 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
First Syrian War (274–271 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire	Victory Ptolemaic rule extended into Caria and most of Cilicia (both in modern-day Turkey).	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	?
Chremonidean War (267–261 BC)	Athens Sparta Ptolemaic Kingdom	Macedonia	Defeat Macedonian victory. Antigonid control over the city-states of Greece.	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	?
Second Syrian War (274–271 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire Macedonia	Stalemate Cilicia, Pamphylia, Ionia, Miletus and Ephesus taken by the Selecuid Empire. Marriage of Antiochus II Theos to Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Syra.	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	?
Third Syrian War (246–241 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire	Stalemate Loss of Cyclades to Seleucid Empire. Ptolemaic kingdom awarded new territories in Syria, including Seleucia Pieria.	Ptolemy III Euergetes	?
Fourth Syrian War (219–217 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire	Victory Ptolemaic victory at the Battle of Raphia and preserved control of Coele-Syria.	Ptolemy IV Philopator	2,200 at the Battle of Raphia
Upper Egyptian Revolt (204–196 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Hugronaphor Ankhmakis	Ptolemaic victory The rebel leaders were taken to Memphis and publicly executed on 26 March 196 BC	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	?
Fifth Syrian War (202–195 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire Macedonia	Defeat Coele-Syria taken by the Seleucid Empire. Conciliatory treaty signed in 195 BC. Ptolemy V agrees to marry Antiochus III's daughter Cleopatra I Syra.	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	?
Sixth Syrian War (170–168 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom Roman Republic (168 BC)	Seleucid Empire	Victory Antiochus IV Epiphanes leaves Egypt after given ultimatum by Gaius Popillius Laenas.	Ptolemy VIII Physcon	?
War of Actium (32–30 BC)	Rome supporting Mark Antony Ptolemaic Kingdom	Rome supporting Octavian	Defeat Rome annexes Egypt. Cleopatra commits suicide.	Cleopatra VII	?

Roman Egypt (30 BC – 641 AD)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Subjugation of upper Egypt	Gaius Cornelius Gallus	Rebels in Thebes	Roman victory Upper Egypt was brought under Roman control by force of arms Cornelius established a protectorate over the southern frontier district	Augustus	?
Conquest of Arabia Petraea and Arabia Felix	Gaius Aelius Gallus	Nabataeans Sabaeans^[14]	Defeat The campaign was successful in the beginning before the Roman army reached Arabia Felix	Augustus	?
Roman Campaign into the kingdom of kush	Gaius Petronius	Kingdom of Kush	Victory After the initial victories of Kandake Amanirenas against Roman Egypt, the Kushites of northern Nubia were defeated and Napata sacked ^[15] Kushites send ambassadors to negotiate a peace treaty between Rome and the kingdom of kush	Augustus	?
Siege of Jerusalem	Tiberius Julius Alexander	Zealots Sadducees Pharisees Idumaeans	Victory Roman rule of Jerusalem restored	Titus	?
Diaspora Revolt	Marcus Rutilius Lupus	Jews	Roman victory Ethnic cleansing of Jews in Egypt	Trajan	?
Bucolic War	Avidius Cassius	Isidorus	Roman victory Native Fellahin led by Isidorus defeated the Roman garrison of Egypt and took over all of Egypt with the exception of Alexandria Cassius managed to destroy the rebels by separating them from one another. the beginning of Egypt's economic decline	Marcus Aurelius	?
Usurpation of Avidius Cassius	Avidius Cassius Gaius Calvisius Statianus Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius	Publius Martius Verus Herodes Atticus Gaius Vettius Sabinianus	Inconclusive When news of Aurelius' plans to invade reached Egypt, a centurion killed Cassius, and sent his head to Aurelius, who refused to see it, and ordered it buried Aurelius was forced to withdraw from his campaign against the Iazyges, and end the Marcomannic War	Marcus Aurelius	Avidius Cassius beheaded

Tulunid Emirate (868–905)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Ifriqiya campaign	Aghlabid dynasty	Tulunid dynasty	Defeat Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun defeated the local Aghlabid governor, Muhammad ibn Qurhub, sacked the town of Labda, and marched on Tripoli Despite initial victories,Abbas was defeated by Ilyas ibn Mansur al-Nafusi in winter 880/1	Ahmad ibn Tulun	?
Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun’s usurpation	Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun	Loyalist troops	Loyalist victory Abbas, with the remnants of his army, was defeated and captured outside Alexandria Abbas was publicly paraded seated on a mule Abbas was executed Khumarawayh made heir in 882	Ahmad ibn Tulun	Abbas was commanded to execute or mutilate the most prominent of his followers, who were held responsible for urging him to rebel, by gouging their eyes and cutting off their arms,he was later executed.
Tulunid-Abbasid conflict over the Levant	Abbasid Caliphate	Tulunid Emirate	Tulunid victory The generals Ishaq ibn Kundaj and Ibn Abi'l-Saj attacked and took Damascus fell when its governor defected Despite major initial gains,they were rapidly reversed battle of Tawahin Tulunids reaffirm rule over the Al-Sham region.	Khumarawayh Sa'd al-Aysar	?
Abbasid Caliphate invasion of Tulunid-controlled Syria and Egypt (904–905)	Abbasid Caliphate	Tulunid Emirate	Defeat The Tulunid troops deserted, and the forces of the Caliphate were able to enter the Nile valley Harun ibn Khumarawayh was killed in an army mutiny on 10 January 905 Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun surrendered unconditionally to the Abbasid commander Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib, ending the rule of the Tulunids.	Harun ibn Khumarawayh Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun	?

Abbasid Caliphate (905–935)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Tulunid loyalists rebblion	Abbasid Caliphate	Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji	Loyalist victory The loyalist Egyptian army entered the city of Ramla in Palestine and defeated the Abbasid army there, whose leader was Wasif bin Sawartkin the Younger. the Egyptian army reached Gaza and they were met by the Abbasid army stationed in Egypt The Egyptian army won a landslide victory, then moved towards Arish and defeated the Abbasid garrison there, then to Farma and defeated the Abbasids there Abbasid governor of Egypt, Isa al-Nushari, prepared a very large army and met the Egyptian army at Bilbeis in Sharqia. There the Egyptians won another decisive victory, and the road to the Egyptian capital, Fustat, was opened Revival of the Tulunid emirate	Al-Mu'tadid	?
Fall of the Tulunid emirate	Abbasid Caliphate	Tulunid Emirate	Abbasid victory The Egyptian army, led by Ibn al-Khalanji, was victorious in the Battle of al-Arish in the year 293 AH Muhammad Ibn al-Khalanji defeated Fatik al-Mu'tadidi and his army more than once, but Ibn al-Khalanji was defeated at Beni Suef after valiant resistance The Abbasids entered Fustat by land and sea and arrest Muhammad ibn Al-khalanji and his companions	Al-khalanji	?
Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)	Abbasid Caliphate	Fatimid Caliphate	Stalemate Initial Fatimid success in Libya and western Egypt. Fatimids pushed back after failed attempts to conquer the Egyptian capital Fustat. al-Qa'im and the remnants of his army abandoned Alexandria and returned to Ifriqiya in May 915 after Abbasid reinforcements from Syria and Iraq under Mu'nis al-Muzaffar arrived to Egypt.	Al-Muqtadir	10,000 to 20,000 dead
Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)	Abbasid Caliphate	Fatimid Caliphate	Abbasid victory In the summer of 920, Al-Qa'im was able to capture the Fayyum Oasis, and in the spring of 921, extend his control over much of Upper Egypt. Fatimid expedition was condemned to failure when the Abbasid fleet took Alexandria in May/June 921. Al-Qa'im was forced to abandon Faiyum and flee west over the desert.	Al-Muqtadir	?

Ikhshidid Emirate (935–969)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Rise of the Ikhshidid dynasty	Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid	Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh Fatimids	Ikhshidid Victory Ibn Tughj's fleet took Tinnis and the Nile Delta. Muhammad ibn Tughj entered Fustat on 26 August 935. Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh fled to the Fatimids. the Fatimid army's Kutama Berbers captured the island of al-Rawda on the Nile and burned its arsenal. Ibn Tughj's admirals Ali ibn Badr and Bajkam defected to the Fatimids. Alexandria captured by the Fatimids on March 936 Despite initial Fatimid success,on 31 March, Ibn Tughj's brother al-Hasan defeated the Fatimid forces near Alexandria, driving them out of the city and forcing the Fatimids to once again retreat from Egypt to their base at Barqa.	Al-Radi	?
Ikhshidid-Makurian conflict	Ikhshidid Emirate	Makuria	Ikhshidid Victory Kafur al-Ikhshidi annexed Old Dongola.	Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid Kafur al-Ikhshidi	?
Fatimid conquest of Egypt	Ikhshidid dynasty	Fatimid Caliphate	Defeat Capitulation of Fustat and Egypt Foundation of Cairo and move of the Fatimid Caliphate's seat from Ifriqiya to Egypt Beginning of Fatimid expansion into the Levant and the Hejaz	Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali	?

Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Persecution of the Druze	Fatimid Caliphate	Druze	Inconclusive The clashes ranged from Antioch to Alexandria, where tens of thousands of Druze were slaughtered by the Fatimid army. The largest massacre was at Antioch, where 5,000 prominent Druze were killed, followed by that of Aleppo. In 1038, two years after the death of al-Zahir, the Druze movement was able to resume because the new leadership that replaced him had friendly political ties with at least one prominent Druze leader.	Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah	?
Nizar’s rebellion	Loyalists	Nizar ibn al-Mustansir	Loyalist Victory Nizar's forces were placed under siege, until Nizar and his remaining followers were forced to surrender. Nizar was immured and left to die This marked the permanent split of the Isma'ili movement into the rival branches of Musta'li Isma'ilism and Nizari Isma'ilism	Al-Musta'li	?
First Crusade	Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum Danishmendids Fatimid Caliphate	Army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles Army of Godfrey of Bouillon Army of Robert Curthose Army of Robert II of Flanders Army of Hugh the Great Armies of Bohemond of Taranto People's Crusade Byzantine Empire	Crusader Victory The Crusade assists in capturing Nicaea, restoring much of western Anatolia to the Byzantine Empire. The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states.	Al-Musta'li	12,700 at least
Venetian Crusade	Fatimid Caliphate Seljuk Empire Burid dynasty	Republic of Venice Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli	Crusader Victory Tyre captured by Jerusalem	Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah	4,000
Crusader invasion of Egypt (1163–1169)	Fatimid Caliphate Zengid dynasty	Kingdom of Jerusalem Byzantine Empire County of Tripoli Principality of Antioch Knights Hospitaller Knights Templar Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia French crusaders	Zengid-Fatimid Victory Crusaders withdraw from Egypt. Fatimid-Crusader border changed. Zengids seize Egypt.	Al-Adid	?
Fatimid-Zengid conflict	Kingdom of Jerusalem Fatimid Caliphate	Zengid dynasty	Peace treaty Shirkuh is victorious troops at the Battle of al-Babein on 18 March 1167. Saladin was besieged at Alexandria,forcing Shirkuh to negotiate peace. Alexandria handed over to the Fatimid vizier Shawar. Both the Crusaders and Shirkuh's Zengid troops departed Egypt after the payment of tribute from the Fatimid treasury.	Al-Adid	?
Revolt of the Blacks	Black-African and Armenian troops of the Fatimid army	Saladin and his Syrian troops	Victory for Saladin's forces The Fatimid Caliphate Effectively Ended Al-Adid executed	Al-Adid	?

Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1250)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Ayyubid conquest of North Africa	Ayyubid dynasty Banu Ghaniya	Almohad Berbers tribes	Ayyubid Victory Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush captured Siwa in 1172 and Cyrenaica in 1173. Qaraqush conquers Tripoli in the 1170s/early 1180s. Qaraqush's forces went on to capture most of Ifriqiya from the Almohads by 1185–1186.	Saladin	?
Almohad reconquest of Ifriqiya	Ayyubid dynasty Banu Ghaniya	Almohad	Defeat The Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur reconquered Ifriqiya from 1187 to 1188. The Ayyubids made no further attempts to intervene in the Maghreb after this.	Saladin	?
Ayyubid conquest of Yemen and Hejaz	Ayyubid dynasty	Arab tribes Hamdanid	Ayyubid Victory In May 1174, Turan-Shah conquered Zabid and later that year captured Aden. Ayyubids implemented a new tax which was collected by galleys. Turan-Shah drove out the remaining Hamdanid rulers of Sana'a, conquering the mountainous city in 1175. Uthman al-Zandjili, conquered the greater part of Hadramaut in 1180. Saladin effectively established Egypt's hegemony in the region	Saladin	?
Ayyubid conquest of Syria and Upper Mesopotamia	Ayyubid dynasty	Zengid Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar	Ayyubid Victory Saladin gains the title of "Sultan of Egypt and Syria"	Saladin	?
Ayyubid conquest of Palestine and Transjordan	Ayyubid dynasty	Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Knights Templar Principality of Antioch Knights Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus Order of Mountjoy	Ayyubid Victory Saladin conquers Acre,Nazareth,Saffuriya,Haifa, Caesarea, Sebastia and Nablus, while al-Adil conquered Mirabel and Jaffa. On 26 July, Saladin returned to the coast and received the surrender of Sarepta, Sidon, Beirut, and Jableh. In August, the Ayyubids conquered Ramla, Darum, Gaza, Bayt Jibrin, and Latrun. Ascalon was taken on 4 September. In September–October 1187, the Ayyubids besieged Jerusalem, taking possession of it on 2 October, after negotiations with Balian of Ibelin Karak and Mont Real in Transjordan soon fell, followed by Safad in the northeastern Galilee. By the end of 1187 the Ayyubids were in control of virtually the entire Crusader kingdom in the Levant with the exception of Tyre	Saladin	?
Third Crusade (1189–1192)	Ayyubid Sultanate Sultanate of Rum	Angevin Empire Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Principality of Antioch Republic of Genoa Republic of Pisa	Stalemate Treaty of Jaffa Crusader military Victory, resulting in a three-year truce. Acre, Philomelion, Iconium, Arsuf, and Jaffa all Crusader military victories. Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine to the Crusader States Crusader States. The safety of both Christian and Muslim unarmed pilgrims guaranteed throughout the Levant. The Crusader Captures Cyprus and the Kingdom of Cyprus is established The Levantine coast from Tyre to Jaffa returned to Crusader control The Crusaders recapture Tiberias and some inland territories from the Muslims	Saladin	?
Crusade of 1197 (1197–1198)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Holy Roman Empire	Defeat Beirut restored to the Kingdom of Jerusalem	Al-Aziz Uthman	?
Fifth Crusade (1217–1221)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of France Papal states Kingdom of Jerusalem Kingdom of Cyprus Latin Empire Knights Templar Teutonic Order Knights Hospitaller Sultanate of Rum	Ayyubid Victory Eight-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders	Al-Kamil	?
Sixth Crusade (1228–1229)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Holy Roman Empire Teutonic Order Kingdom of Sicily	Stalemate Diplomatic Crusader victory Jerusalem given back to the Crusaders	Al-Kamil	?
Baron's Crusade (1239–1241)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar Teutonic Order Knights Hospitaller	Defeat Kingdom of Jerusalem returned to largest size since 1187	As-Salih Ayyub	?

Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Seventh Crusade (1248–1254)	Ayyubid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of France Knights Templar	Victory Fall of the Ayyubid Dynasty in Egypt.	Aybak	?
Ayyubid-Mamluk conflict (1251–1253)	Mamluk Sultanate	Ayyubid dynasty	Victory Faris al-Din Aktay led an attack on Palestine and captured Gaza. The Mamluks were able to stabilize their rule in Egypt, while the Ayyubids remained limited to Syria. Through the mediation of Caliph al-Musta'sim, this situation was deepened in a contract between Damascus and Cairo in April 1253, and Gaza was also returned to An-Nasir Yusuf.	Aybak	?
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323)	Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid Sultanate Golden Horde	Ilkhanate Armenian Cilicia Kingdom of Georgia Sultanate of Rum Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Golden Horde Kingdom of England Knights Templar	Victory Treaty of Aleppo	Qutuz	?
Mamluk expeditions to the Levant and Anatolia (1265 – 1277)	Mamluk Sultanate	Cilician Armenia Knights Templar Ilkhanate County of Tripoli Isma'ili Shia Assassins	Victory Baybars launched expeditions against the Crusader fortresses throughout Syria, capturing Arsuf in 1265, and Halba and Arqa in 1266. Baybars pillages numerous Armenian villages. Baybars captured Safed from the Knights Templar, and shortly after, Ramla, both cities in interior Palestine. In 1268, the Mamluks captured Jaffa before conquering the Crusader stronghold of Antioch. In 1271, Baybars captured the major Krak des Chevaliers fortress from the Crusader County of Tripoli In 1277, Baybars launched an expedition against the Ilkhanids, routing them in Elbistan in Anatolia, but withdrew to avoid overstretching his forces and risk being cut off from Syria by a larger incoming Ilkhanid army.	Baybars	?
Baybars’s expedition to the Horn of Africa(1265–1276)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Makuria Kingdom of al-Abwab	Victory In 1265, the Mamluks invaded northern Makuria, forcing the Nubian king to become their vassal. Baybars conquers the Red Sea areas of Suakin and the Dahlak Archipelago. In 1268, the Makurian king, David I, overthrew the Mamluks' vassal and in 1272, raided the Mamluk Red Sea port of Aydhab. In 1276, the Mamluks defeated King David of Makuria in the Battle of Dongola and installed their ally Shakanda as king. This brought the fortress of Qasr Ibrim under Mamluk suzerainty. The Mamluks received the submission of King Adur of al-Abwab further south.	Baybars	?
Fall of Outremer (1268–1302)	Mamluk Sultanate Order of Assassins	Kingdom of Cyprus Kingdom of Jerusalem Ilkhanate Kingdom of England Kingdom of France Cilician Armenia Principality of Antioch Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller Bagrationi dynasty Tyre Kingdom of Sicily	Victory The Mamluks capture all Crusade possessions in the Holy Land Expulsion of the Crusaders from the Holy Land Collapse of the Crusader states	Baibars Qalawun Khalil Al-Nasir Muhammad	?
Ninth Crusade (1271–1272)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of England Kingdom of France Cilician Armenia Kingdom of Cyprus Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Ilkhanate	Victory Ten-year truce between warring sides.	Baibars	?
Alexandrian Crusade (1365)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Cyprus Knights Hospitaller Republic of Venice	Defeat Alexandria sacked.	Al-Ashraf Sha'ban	?
Mamluk campaigns against Cyprus (1424–1426)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Cyprus	Victory Cyprus becomes a tributary state	Barsbay	?
Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491)	Mamluk Sultanate	Ottoman Empire	Victory Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted.	Qaitbay	?
Mamluk-Portuguese War (1505–1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Portugal	Defeat Ended with the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate.	Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri	?
Mamluk-Tahirid war (1515–1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Tahirid Sultanate	Victory The entire Tahirid realm fell under the Mamluks with the exception of Aden Mamluk fleet sets up a tributary regime in Zabid		?
Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate.		?

Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Khedivate of Egypt (1803–1914)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
Fraser Expedition (1807)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt	British Empire	Victory Defeat of the British forces.	Muhammad Ali of Egypt	?
Egyptian–Saudi War (1811–1818)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt	Emirate of Diriyah	Victory Execution of Abdullah bin Saud.		8,000 casualties^[16]
Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)	Ottoman Egypt	Funj Sudan	Victory Invasion of Egypt into Sudan adding it to Egypt Eyalet.		?
Greek War of Independence (1821–1829)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt	Kingdom of Greece	Defeat Establishment of the Kingdom of Greece.		over 8,000^[17]
First Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)	Ottoman Egypt	Ottoman Empire	Victory Egypt gained the Aleppo Vilayet and the Syria Vilayet.		792^[18]
Ottoman-Ethiopian border conflicts (1832–1848)	Ottoman Egypt	Ethiopian Empire	Inconclusive		?
Expedition to Najd (1836) (1836)	Ottoman Egypt	Emirate of Najd	Victory Egyptian influence in the Middle East until 1840.		?
1838 Druze revolt (1838)	Egypt Eyalet Chehab's Christian forces	Druze clans	Victory Peace agreement signed Egyptian rule restored Druze exempted from conscriptions		~400^[19]
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)	Ottoman Egypt	Ottoman Empire British Empire Austrian Empire	Defeat Egypt renounced its claim to Syria.		1,100+
Crimean War (1853–1856)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt French Empire British Empire Sardinia	Russian Empire	Victory Treaty of Paris.	Abbas I of Egypt	?
Cretan revolt (1866–1869)	Ottoman Empire Khedivate of Egypt	Cretan revolutionaries Kingdom of Greece	Victory	Isma'il Pasha	1,333
Ethiopian–Egyptian War (1874–1876)	Khedivate of Egypt	Ethiopian Empire	Defeat Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia repelled		13,000+^[20]
Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa (1874–1885)	Khedivate of Egypt	Sultanate of Aussa Afran Qallo	Victory Occupation of Hararghe and western Somaliland Establishment of the Khedivate's Somali Coast Emirate of Harar occupied by Egypt, with northern regions (such as Afar) split off		?
Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)	Ottoman Empire Khedivate of Egypt	Serbia Russia (from 1877)	Defeat Serbia gains independence from the Ottomans		?
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)	Ottoman Empire Khedivate of Egypt Polish Legion	Russia Romania Serbia Montenegro Opalchentsi	Defeat Official recognition of de facto and de jure independence of the Balkan states. Treaty of San Stefano Treaty of Berlin		?
‘Urabi Revolt (1879–1882)	Tewfik Pasha Forces British Empire	Ahmed ‘Urabi Forces	Defeat of ‘Urabi Exile of ‘Urabi, British occupation of Egypt.	Tewfik of Egypt	2,250^[21]
Mahdist War (1881–1899)	Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt (British Occupation) British Empire Italian Empire Belgium Ethiopia	Mahdist Sudan	Victory Formation of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.	Tewfik of Egypt	13,102^[22]^[23]^[24]

Sultanate of Egypt (British Protectorate) (1914–1922)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
World War I (1914–1918)	France French Protectorate of Morocco French Algeria French Protectorate of Tunisia British Empire United Kingdom British Sultanate of Egypt Canada Newfoundland Australia New Zealand India South Africa Russia United States Italy Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan China Romania Portugal Brazil Hejaz Greece Armenia Nejd and Hasa Siam	German Empire German Cameroon German Togo German East Africa German South West Africa Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Emirate of Jabal Shammar Bulgaria Senusiyya	Victory End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires New countries formed in Europe and the Middle East Establishment of the League of Nations	Hussein Kamel	14,763+
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition (1916)	British Empire Sultanate of Egypt	Sultanate of Darfur	Victory Darfur becomes a province of Sudan	Hussein Kamel	5
Egyptian Revolution (1919)	British Empire British Egypt British Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Australia	Rebels Wafd Party	Diplomatic Revolutionary Victory British Recognition of Egyptian Independence and establishment of the Kingdom of Egypt in 1922 Continued British presence in Egypt and Sudan	Fuad I	800

Kingdom of Egypt (1919–1953)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
World War II (1939–1945)	Soviet Union United States United Kingdom China France Poland Yugoslavia Greece Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Denmark Norway Czechoslovakia Canada Australia Kingdom of Egypt New Zealand India South Africa Philippines Ethiopia Brazil Mexico Mongolia	Germany Japan Italy Hungary Romania Bulgaria Slovakia Croatia Finland Iraq Thailand	Victory Collapse of the German Reich and the Empire of Japan Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War	Farouk I	1,125^[25]
Abdeen Palace incident (1942)	Kingdom of Egypt	United Kingdom	Defeat
First Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949)	Kingdom of Egypt Kingdom of Iraq Holy War Army Emirate of Transjordan Republic of Syria Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Kingdom of North Yemen Republic of Lebanon Arab Liberation Army	Israel	Defeat Tactical and strategic Arab failure 1949 Armistice Agreements Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip		1,161- 2,000^[26]
Egyptian Revolution (1952)	Kingdom of Egypt	Free Officers	Free Officers' Victory End of rule of the Muhammad Ali dynasty Establishment of the Republic of Egypt End of the Kingdom of Egypt	2

Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Military	Civilians
Suez Crisis (1956)	Republic of Egypt	Israel United Kingdom France	Inconclusive Coalition military victory^[27]^[28]^[29] Egyptian political victory^[27] Anglo-French withdrawal from the Suez Canal following international pressure (December 1956) Israeli occupation of Sinai (until March 1957) UNEF demilitarized zone established End of Britain's role as a Superpower	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Abdel Hakim Amer	1,650– 3,000	~1,000

United Arab Republic (1958–1971)

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Military	Civilians
North Yemen Civil War (1962–1967)	Yemen Arab Republic United Arab Republic	Kingdom of Yemen Saudi Arabia	Stalemate Khartoum Resolution, Egyptian withdrawal Eventual Republican victory in 1970.	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Abdel Wahab el-Beshry	26,000 dead^[30]	None
Sand War (1963)	Algeria United Arab Republic	Morocco	Stalemate The closing of the border south of Figuig		Abdel Wahab el-Beshry	Unknown	None
Six-Day War (1967)	United Arab Republic Syria Jordan Iraq Lebanon	Israel	Defeat Israel captured the Gaza Strip, Sinai, the West Bank and the Golan Heights		Shams Badran	9,800–15,000 killed or missing^[31]^[32]	Unknown
War of Attrition (1967–1970)	United Arab Republic Soviet Union PLO Jordan	Israel	Both sides claimed victory Israeli invasion of Port Fuad repelled; creation of the Bar Lev Line Continued Israeli occupation of Sinai Peninsula		Mohamed Fawzi	2,882^[33]–10,000^[34]
Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)	Nigeria United Arab Republic	Biafra	Victory (Limited Involvement) Reincorporation of Biafra into Nigeria.		Mohamed Fawzi	Unknown	None

Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present)

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Military	Civilians
Yom Kippur War (1973)	Federation of Arab Republics Egypt Syria Iraq Jordan Algeria Morocco Saudi Arabia Cuba North Korea^[35]^[36]	Israel	Defeat^[37] (Strategic Political Gains)^[38] Syrian invasion repelled, Egyptian Third Army surrounded; UN ceasefire Egypt–Israel peace treaty^[39]	Anwar Sadat	Ahmad Ismail Ali	5,000^[40]–15,000^[41] dead	Unknown
Shaba I (1977)	Zaire Morocco Egypt	FNLC	Victory FNCL expelled from Katanga		Mohamed el-Gamasy	None	None
Egyptian–Libyan War (1977)	Egypt	Libya	Ceasefire Libyan Armed Forces expelled from Egypt Egyptian armed forces success Anwar El Sadat declaration of a ceasefire		Mohamed el-Gamasy	~100	Unknown
Egyptian conscripts riot (1986)	Egyptian Army	Central Security Forces	Egyptian Army Victory Riot suppressed Mubarak regime promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps	Hosni Mubarak	Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala	107^[42]	None
Gulf War (1990–1991)	Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Qatar Australia	Iraq	Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure		Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb	11^[43]^[44]	None
War on terror (2001–present)	United States United Kingdom France Russia NATO members: Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Other participant countries: Algeria Angola Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Benin Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brunei Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Chad China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominican Republic Cyprus Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Ethiopia Finland Gabon Georgia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Honduras India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021) Israel Ivory Coast Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Liberia Libya Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Somalia South Africa South Korea Sudan Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Zimbabwe International missions: NATO—ISAF Resolute Support Mission Operation Enduring Freedom Allies Northern Alliance Multi-National Force – Iraq Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (note: most contributing nations are included in the international operations)	ISIL Sinai Province Libya Province Algeria Province Central Africa Province West Africa Province Die Wahre Religion Katibah Nusantara Islamic State in the Greater Sahara Khorasan Province Yemen Province^[46] Boko Haram Ansar Khalifa Philippines Caucasus Province ISS Abu Sayyaf^[47] Al-Khansaa Brigade Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade National Thowheeth Jama'ath Profetens Ummah Islamic Muthanna Movement MIT Afghan Taliban (until 2021) Pakistani Taliban Other groups: East Turkestan Islamic Movement Osbat al-Ansar Haqqani network TNSM Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Lashkar-e-Taiba Lashkar-e-Omar Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Hizbul Mujahideen Iraqi Insurgents Ansaru Mullah Dadullah Front Fidai Mahaz Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) Hamas Hezbollah Islamic Jihad Union Masked Brigade Jaish-e-Mohammed Ahrar ash-Sham Fatah al-Islam Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid Jaish al-Islam Indian Mujahideen Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group Soldiers of Egypt Mujahideen Pattani Movement Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Rajah Sulaiman movement Somali pirates Salafia Jihadia Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania) Ansar al-Sharia (Morocco) Ansar al-Sharia (Egypt) Ansar al-Sharia (Yarmouk Area) Jemaah Islamiyah^[48] Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique) Former groups: Islamic Courts Union (until 2006) JTJ (until 2004) Free Aceh Movement (until 2005) al-Qaeda in Iraq (until 2006) Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (until 2007) Tunisian Combatant Group (until 2011) Islamic State of Iraq (until 2013) MOJWA (until 2013) Ansar al-Islam (until 2014) Jundallah^[49] Tehreek-e-Khilafat^[50] (until November 2014) Hizbul Islam (until 2014) Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until March 2015)^[51] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2015) Ansar al-Sharia (Syria) (until 2016) Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (until 2016) Caucasus Emirate (until 2016) Al-Nusra Front (until 2017) Harakat Sham al-Islam (until 2017) Jund al-Aqsa (until 2017) Ansar Dine (until March 2017)^[52] Al-Mourabitoun (until March 2017)^[52] Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (until May 2017)^[53]^[54]^[55] Maute Group (until 2017) Islamic Emirate of Waziristan (until 2017/2018) Ansar al-Sharia (Derna, Libya) (until 2018) Turaifie group (until 2019) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (until 2018) Jund al-Khilafah (2014) Dokumacılar (until 2017) Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade (until 2016) Jaysh al-Jihad (until 2016) IMU (until 2015) Rajah Sulaiman Movement (until ?) Islamic Jihad of Yemen (until ?) Black Banner Organization (until ?) Iraqi Baath Party loyalists (until ?)	Ongoing Ongoing conflict		Mohamed Tantawi	?	?
2011 Egyptian revolution (2011)	Pro-Government: National Democratic Party Central Security Forces Egyptian Armed Forces Police forces State Security Intelligence Supreme Council of the Armed Forces	Opposition Groups: 6 April Youth Movement Muslim Brotherhood Kefaya	Pro-Government Victory Toppling of the Mubarak government Resignation of Prime Ministers Nazif and Shafik^[56] Assumption of power by the military^[57] Suspension of the Constitution and dissolution of the Parliament^[58] Disbanding of the State Security Investigations Service^[59] Dissolution of the NDP (former ruling party) and transfer of its assets to the state^[60] Arrest and prosecution of Mubarak, his family and former ministers^[61]^[62]^[63] 31-year state of emergency lifted^[64] Democratic election to replace Mubarak; Mohamed Morsi elected as new president^[65] Protests in response to Morsi's temporary constitutional declaration.		Mohamed Tantawi	* During revolution: 846^[66]^[67] Post-Revolution: 300+^[68]
Sinai Insurgency (2011–2023)	Egypt Israel United Arab Emirates	Islamic State	Ongoing Ongoing Conflict		Mohamed Tantawi	3,277 killed (2013-2022) 12,280 Injured (2013–2022)^[69]	1,539+ Egyptian,^[70]^[71] 219 Russians, 4 Ukrainians, 1 Belarusian,^[72] 3 South Koreans,^[73] 3 Vietnamese, 2 Germans,^[74] 1 Croatian^[75]
2013 Egyptian coup d'état (2013)	Egyptian Government Muslim Brotherhood Freedom and Justice Party Islamists Egyptian Islamic Labour Party Pro-Morsi protesters Supported by: Turkey Qatar Jordan	Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Egyptian Armed Forces Egyptian Police Nasserists National Democratic Party Al-Azhar University Al-Nour Party	Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Victory President Mohamed Morsi deposed by the Egyptian army Constitution suspended, and a transitional roadmap declared Adly Mansour becomes interim president Arrests and detention of Muslim Brotherhood leaders and members, including Morsi Closure of perceived pro-Muslim Brotherhood media outlets Dissolution of Shura Council^[76] Escalation of militant attacks in the Sinai Peninsula Increasing unrest and instability in response to coup Temporary suspension of Egypt from the African Union New presidential election held in 2014 Morsi and other Muslim Brotherhood figures jailed on various charges Crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood Mohamed Morsi dies during his court trial on 17 June 2019	Mohamed Morsi	Abdel Fattah al-Sisi	1,150+^[77]^[78]
Second Libyan Civil War (2015–2020)	Libya Egypt United Arab Emirates	GNC Shura Council Islamic State	Victory (limited involvement) Egyptian military intervention	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Sedki Sobhi	None	21
Intervention In Yemen (2015–)	Hadi government Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Sudan Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Jordan Morocco Egypt France	Revolutionary Council Houthis Saleh loyalists	Ongoing Houthis dissolve Yemeni government. Houthis take control of northern Yemen.	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Sedki Sobhi	None	None

Notes

^ ^a ^b "Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC". The Oriental Institute. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
^ Somaglino, Claire; Tallet, Pierre (2015). "Gebel Sheikh Suleiman : a First Dynasty Relief after all..." Archéo-Nil 25.
^ An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. p. 144.
^ The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. p. 100.
^ Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. p. 107.
^ Simpson, William K. (1984). "Sesostris II". In Wolfgang Helck (ed.). Lexikon der Ägyptologie Vol. 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 895. ISBN 3447024895.
^ Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. pp. 640–673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. p. 652.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Pritchard, James B. (2016). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement. Princeton University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-4008-8276-2.
^ Scott, Emmet (2012). Hatshepsut, Queen of Sheba. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-947-6.
^ Steindorff, George; Seele, Keith (1942). When Egypt Ruled the East. University of Chicago. p. 55.
^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 256.
^ Coogan, Michael David (2001). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 9780195139372.
^ Strabo, xvi. p. 780-783
^ Arthur E. Robinson, "The Arab Dynasty of Dar For (Darfur): Part II", Journal of the Royal African Society 28 (1928), pp. 55–67
^ The era of Muhammad Ali, pp. 131-pg. 132 by Abd al-Rahman al-Rafei.
^ Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 241.
^ Lt. Col. Osama Shams El-Din. "A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War." United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. [1] PDF
^ Firro, Kais. A history of the Druzes, Volume 1. pp.70-75
^ Dunn, John P. (2005). Khedive Ismail's Army. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 9780714657042.
^ Wright, William (2009). A Tidy Little War: The British Invasion of Egypt, 1882. Spellmount.
^ Snook, op.cit., p.13
^ Churchill p. 30
^ Churchill p. 33
^ Liebau, Heike; et al., eds. (2010). World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. Studies in Global Social History. Boston: Brill. p. 227. ISBN 978-90-04-18545-6.
^ "Wars of the World: Israeli War of Independence 1948–1949". Onwar.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
^ ^a ^b Tal (2001) p 203
^ Mart, Michelle (2006-02-09). Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally. SUNY Press. p. 159. ISBN 0791466876.
^ Stewart (2013) p 133
^ Pollack (2002), p. 56
^ El Gamasy 1993 p. 79.
^ Herzog 1982, p. 165.
^ Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of Suez. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-9604562-2-2.
^ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001, Random House (1999), page 362. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.
^ Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). "Hundreds of Tanks Clash in a Struggle for Suez Area". The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
^ Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). "Flow of Soviet Jews Is Undimished". The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
^
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- Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
- Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2 ISBN 0-313-31302-4
- Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
- Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society^{[permanent dead link‍]} Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
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^ Herzog, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing House, 1974, p. 87.
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^ Penney, Joe (5 October 2011). "The 'War on Terror' rages in the Philippines". Al Jazeera. Qatar. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Abuza, Zachary (September 2005). "Balik-Terrorism: The Return of the Abu Sayyag" (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. United States Army. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
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"Profile: Jemaah Islamiah". United Kingdom: BBC News. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
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^ "Mubarak to be tried for murder of protesters". Reuters. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
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^ "846 killed in Egypt uprising". Haaretz. 20 April 2011. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "924 killed in Egyptian Revolution". 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
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[OrientInst-1] "Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC". The Oriental Institute. Retrieved 30 June 2023.

[CS-2] Somaglino, Claire; Tallet, Pierre (2015). "Gebel Sheikh Suleiman : a First Dynasty Relief after all..." Archéo-Nil 25.

[3] An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. p. 144.

[4] The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. p. 100.

[5] Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. p. 107.

[6] Simpson, William K. (1984). "Sesostris II". In Wolfgang Helck (ed.). Lexikon der Ägyptologie Vol. 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 895. ISBN 3447024895.

[7] Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. pp. 640–673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[8] Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. p. 652.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[9] Pritchard, James B. (2016). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement. Princeton University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-4008-8276-2.

[10] Scott, Emmet (2012). Hatshepsut, Queen of Sheba. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-947-6.

[Steindorff_55-11] Steindorff, George; Seele, Keith (1942). When Egypt Ruled the East. University of Chicago. p. 55.

[grimal256-12] Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 256.

[Coogan261-13] Coogan, Michael David (2001). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 9780195139372.

[14] Strabo, xvi. p. 780-783

[15] Arthur E. Robinson, "The Arab Dynasty of Dar For (Darfur): Part II", Journal of the Royal African Society 28 (1928), pp. 55–67

[16] The era of Muhammad Ali, pp. 131-pg. 132 by Abd al-Rahman al-Rafei.

[Howarth241-17] Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 241.

[18] Lt. Col. Osama Shams El-Din. "A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War." United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. [1] PDF

[19] Firro, Kais. A history of the Druzes, Volume 1. pp.70-75

[20] Dunn, John P. (2005). Khedive Ismail's Army. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 9780714657042.

[21] Wright, William (2009). A Tidy Little War: The British Invasion of Egypt, 1882. Spellmount.

[22] Snook, op.cit., p.13

[23] Churchill p. 30

[24] Churchill p. 33

[25] Liebau, Heike; et al., eds. (2010). World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. Studies in Global Social History. Boston: Brill. p. 227. ISBN 978-90-04-18545-6.

[onwar-26] "Wars of the World: Israeli War of Independence 1948–1949". Onwar.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.

[Tal-27] Tal (2001) p 203

[28] Mart, Michelle (2006-02-09). Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally. SUNY Press. p. 159. ISBN 0791466876.

[29] Stewart (2013) p 133

[pollack56-30] Pollack (2002), p. 56

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