Share to:

 

List of wars involving Germany

This is a list of wars involving Germany from 962. It includes the Holy Roman Empire, Confederation of the Rhine, the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, the German Democratic Republic (DDR, "East Germany") and the present Federal Republic of Germany (BRD, until German reunification in 1990 known as "West Germany").

  Victory of Germany (and allies)
  Defeat of Germany (and allies)
  Another result*

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Germany, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result.

Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Emperor/King
Otto I's raid on Poland

(963)

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Coat of arms Duchy of Poland Victory Otto I
German–Danish War of 974 Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Norwegian Rebels
Kingdom of Denmark
Kingdom of Norway
Victory Otto II
Franco-German War of 978-980 Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire West Francia Defeat Otto II
Otto II's raid on Poland

(979)

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Coat of arms Civitas Schinesghe Defeat Otto II
Slavic revolt of 983 Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Wends

Lutici

Obotrite

Defeat Otto II
Polish-Saxon Invasion of Veleti

(985)

Coat of arms Duchy of Poland
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Veleti Victory Otto III
Polish–Bohemian War (990) Coat of arms Duchy of Poland
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bohemia Victory Otto III
Polish-German invasion of Veleti

(992)

Coat of arms Duchy of Poland
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Veleti Victory Otto III
Polish-German invasion of Obotrites

(995)

Coat of arms Duchy of Poland
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Obotrites Victory Otto III
German–Polish War (1003–1018) Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Coat of arms Duchy of Poland Defeat (Peace of Bautzen) Henry II
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

(1015–1019)

Coat of arms Duchy of Poland

Kingdom of Hungary
Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire
Pechenegs

Kievan Rus Victory
  • Temporary victory for Sviatopolk and Boleslaw
  • Polish sack of Kiev
Henry II
German–Polish War (1028–1031) Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031)
Victory Conrad II
Emperor Conrad II's military campaign against Hungary

(1030–1031)

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031) Defeat
  • The Hungarians occupied Vienna
Conrad II
German-Hungarian Wars

(1042–1043)

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031) Victory Henry III
Henry III's military campaign against Hungary (1044) Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire

Peter Orseolo and his allies

The army of King Samuel Aba Victory
  • Defeat of Samuel Aba, restoration of Peter
Henry III

War between King Peter and Prince Andrew (1046)

King Peter's army

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire

Prince Andrew's army

Kievan Rus'

Defeat Henry III
Emperor Henry III's military campaigns against Hungary

(1051–1052)

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire

Duchy of Bohemia

Kingdom of Hungary Defeat Henry III
German-Hungarian border War

(1056–1058)

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary

Stalemate

  • Treaty of Marchfeld
Henry IV
Civil War between King Andrew I and his brother, Prince Bela

(1060)

King Andrew I's army

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire

Prince Béla's army

Kingdom of Poland

Defeat Henry IV
German invasion of Hungary (1063) Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Victory Henry IV
Saxon revolt of 1073–1075 Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Saxony Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
Henry IV
Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 Holy Roman Empire German rebels Victory Henry IV
German-Flemish war Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire County of Flanders Status quo ante bellum Henry V
Henry V's expedition to Poland

(1109)

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bohemia
Kingdom of Poland Defeat Henry V
War of Bohemian Succession (1125–1140) Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia Defeat Lothair III
Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
  • (1125–1186)
  • (1216–1392)
Ghibellines'
1st phase

Guelphs'
1st phase

1st phase:Peace of Constance (1186) 2nd phase:Stalemate (1392)

Frederick I

Barbarossa

Frederick II

Henry VII

Louis IV

Wendish Crusade (1147) Victory
  • March of Brandenburg reconquers Havelberg, County of Holstein expels its Wends
Conrad III of Germany
Second Crusade

(1147–1150)

 Holy Roman Empire

Other Crusaders

Emirate of Damascus

other Muslim and Pagan entities in East Central Europe, Iberia and the Near East.

Indecisive
  • Victories in East Central Europe and Iberia. Defeat in the Holy Land.
Conrad III of Germany
Frederick I's expedition to Głogów

(1157)

Coat of arms Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bohemia
Coat of arms Kingdom of Poland
Coat of arms Cumania
Old Prussians
Victory Frederick I Barbarossa
Third Crusade

(1189–1192)

 Holy Roman Empire

Other Crusaders

Ayyubids Victory Frederick I Barbarossa
Henry VI's conquest of Sicily

(1194)

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire  Kingdom of Sicily Victory Henry VI
Crusade of 1197 Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Ayyubid Sultanate Victory Henry VI
Fourth Crusade

(1202–1204)

Crusaders from: In Europe: Victory Otto IV
Prussian Crusade

(1217–1274)

 Holy Roman Empire

Other Crusaders

Baltic pagans:'

Allies of Prussians:

Victory
  • Teutonic Knights gain control of Prussia
Frederick II
Anglo-French War (1213–1214) Angevin Empire

Holy Roman Empire

County of Flanders County of Boulogne

Kingdom of France Defeat Otto IV
Fifth Crusade

(1217–1221)

Crusaders:

Levant:

Military orders:

Muslim forces: Defeat Frederick II
Sixth Crusade

(1227–1229)

 Holy Roman Empire

including in Personal Union:

Ayyubids Victory
  • Crusaders gains Jerusalem back
Frederick II
War of the Lombards

(1228–1243)

Holy Roman Empire
Pro-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem


Principality of Antioch and County of Tripoli
Republic of Pisa
Knights Hospitaller
Teutonic Knights

Kingdom of Cyprus
Anti-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem


Republic of Genoa
Knights Templar
Papacy

Defeat Frederick II
Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire

(1241–1242)

 Holy Roman Empire Golden Horde Victory Frederick II
Great Interregnum[3]

(1245/50–1273/5)

Hohenstaufen party Welf party Compromise

?

Hussite Wars

(1419–1434)

Catholic Church, Crusades and Loyalists:

 Holy Roman Empire

Bohemian Wars:

Hussite Movement

Indecisive
  • Eventual defeat for Radical Hussites, Victory for Moderate Hussites and Catholics
Sigismund
Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–1488) Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire  Kingdom of Hungary Defeat
  • The Black Army captures Vienna
Frederick III
Austrian–Hungarian War (1490–1491) Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire  Kingdom of Hungary Victory Frederick III
Italian War of 1494–1498 1494:
 Kingdom of Naples
1495:
League of Venice
 Papal States
 Republic of Venice
 Kingdom of Naples
Kingdoms of Spain
Duchy of Milan
 Holy Roman Empire
 Republic of Florence

 England (1496–98)
Margraviate of Mantua
 Republic of Genoa

 Kingdom of France

Duchy of Milan (before 1495)
Duchy of Ferrara (officially neutral)

Victory Maximilian I
Swabian War

(1499)

 Holy Roman Empire

Swabian League

 Old Swiss Confederacy

Three Leagues of the Grisons

Defeat Maximilian I
Italian War of 1521–1526  Holy Roman Empire
Spain Spain
 England
 Papal States (1521–1523 and 1525–1526)
 France

 Republic of Venice
 Papal States (1524–1525)
Marquisate of Saluzzo

Victory Charles V
Knights' War

(1522–1523)

Holy Roman Empire Brotherly Conventention of Knight's Victory Charles V
German Peasants' War

(1524–1525)

 Holy Roman Empire
Swabian League
Peasant army Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
Charles V
War of the League of Cognac

(1526-1530)

Pro-Habsburg: League of Cognac: Victory Charles V
Little War in Hungary  Holy Roman Empire

Royal Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
 Spain
Papal States Papal States

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
John Szapolyai's Hungarian kingdom
Kingdom of France Kingdom of France
Defeat Charles V
Conquest of Tunis (1535) Spain Spanish Empire

 Holy Roman Empire


Kingdom of Portugal
 Papal States
 Knights of Malta

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Sack of Tunis
  • Muley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty restored as client ruler of Tunis and Spanish-Imperial tributary.
Charles V
Italian War of 1542–1546  Holy Roman Empire
 Saxony
Brandenburg
Spain Spain
Kingdom of England England
 France
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

Jülich-Cleves-Berg
Denmark-Norway (1542–1543)

Inconclusive Charles V
Schmalkaldic War

(1546–1547)

 Holy Roman Empire  Habsburg Spain
Habsburg Hungary
Supported by:
 Papal States
Schmalkaldic League:

Supported by:
 England

Victory Charles V
Italian War of 1551–1559 Victory Charles V
Second Schmalkaldic War

(March–August 1552)

Imperial–Habsburg forces

Holy Roman Empire

Protestant princes Protestant victory Charles V
Long Turkish War

(1593–1606)

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Inconclusive Rudolph II
War of the Jülich Succession

(1609–1614)

1609–1610:
 Holy Roman Empire
Principality of Strasbourg
Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Catholic League
1609–1610:
Margraviate of Brandenburg
Palatinate-Neuburg
 United Provinces
 Kingdom of France
Protestant Union
Treaty of Xanten Rudolph II

Matthias

War of the Montferrat Succession

(1613-1617)

Supporting the Duke of Mantua:
Duchy of Mantua
Montferrat
Tuscany (1613)
Spain Spanish Empire
 France (1613–14)
 Holy Roman Empire
 Kingdom of Naples
 Genoa
Supporting the Duke of Savoy:
 Duchy of Savoy
Montferrat
Tuscany (1613)
 France (1615–17)
 Venice
Victory Matthias
Uskok War

(1615–1617)

 Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Croatia
Spain Spain
Republic of Venice
 Dutch Republic
 England
Treaty of Madrid (1617)
  • Many Uskok pirates executed or exiled; Austrian garrison installed to check Uskoks.
Matthias
Thirty Years' War

(1618–1648)

Imperial alliance prior to 1635[a]

Post–1635 Peace of Prague

Anti-Imperial alliance prior to 1635[b] Post–1635 Peace of Prague Defeat
Consequences
Ferdinand III
Upper Austrian peasant war of 1626 Holy Roman Empire
Bavaria
Austrian Rebels Victory Adam Von Herberstorff
Austro-Turkish War

(1663–1664)

League of the Rhine:

 Kingdom of France
 Holy Roman Empire

Savoy Piedmont-Savoy
 Kingdom of Hungary
Croatia Kingdom of Croatia
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Peace of Vasvár Leopold I
Franco-Dutch War

(1672–1678)

Treaty of Nijmegen Leopold I
War of the Reunions

(1683–1684)

Spain Spain
Co-belligerent:
Habsburg monarchy Holy Roman Empire
Republic of Genoa Genoa
Kingdom of France France Defeat Leopold I
Great Turkish War

(1683–1699)

 Holy Roman Empire

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Tsardom of Russia

Republic of Venice Republic of Venice

 Spanish Empire

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
Victory
  • Treaty of Karlowitz
  • The Habsburg monarchy wins lands in Hungary, the Principality of Transylvania and the Balkans.
  • Poland-Lithuania captures Podolia.
  • Russia captures the port of Azov.
  • Venice captures Morea and inner Dalmatia.
Leopold I
Nine Years War

(1688–1697)

Grand Alliance:
 Dutch Republic
 England
 Scotland
 Holy Roman Empire
Spain Spanish Empire
Duchy of Savoy Savoyard state
Victory Leopold I
War of the Spanish Succession

(1701–1714)

Indecisive

  • Treaties of Utrecht (1713), Rastatt (1714) and Baden (1714)
  • Philip is recognized as King of Spain, but once more renounces any claim to the throne of France
  • Austria gains the crowns of Naples and Sardinia as well as the duchy of Milan and the Spanish Netherlands
  • Savoy gains the crown of Sicily which is soon to be exchanged with Sardinia
Leopold I

Joseph I Charles VI

Rákóczi's War of Independence

(1703–1711)

Foreign mercenaries:
  • Swiss
  • Germans
  • Italians
  • Spaniards
Victory Leopold I

Joseph I Charles VI

War of the Polish Succession

(1733–1735)

Treaty of Vienna
  • Augustus III ascends the throne
  • Bourbon and Habsburg territorial gains
Charles VI
Liège Revolution

(1789–1791)

Prince-Bishops of Liège

 Holy Roman Empire

Supported by: Prussia (1789–1790)

Liège rebels

Republic of Liège (1789–1791)
France France (from 1792)

Supported by: Prussia (from July 1790)[6]

Defeat
  • Foundation of Liège Republic (1789);

reversion to Prince-Bishopric(1791); annexation by France (1795)

Leopold II
War of the First Coalition
(mostly the Low Countries theatre)

(1792–1797)

First Coalition:
Dutch Republic
Holy Roman Empire

Great Britain
Spanish Empire (1793–95)

Kingdom of the French (1792)
French First Republic (from 1792)

Spanish Empire (1796–97)

Defeat Francis II

Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Protector
War of the Fourth Coalition

(1806-1807)

First French Empire France

Spain


Polish rebels

Fourth Coalition:' Victory Napoleon I
Peninsular War

(1808-1814)


 Denmark-Norway (Evacuation of La Romana's division)

Defeat

Napoleon I
War of the Fifth Coalition

(1809)

First French Empire France Fifth Coalition:

Rebel groups

Victory

Napoleon I
French Invasion of Russia

(1812)

 France'

French allies:
 Austria
 Prussia
 Denmark-Norway[8][9]

 Russia Defeat Napoleon I
War of the Sixth Coalition

(1813-1814)

Original coalition

After the Armistice of Pläswitz

After the Battle of Leipzig

After 20 November 1813

After January 1814

 France

Until January 1814


Co-belligerent:

 United States (War of 1812 only)

Victory

Confederation of the Rhine dissolved

German states and Austria unite to form the German Confederation

Netherlands gains independence

Norway ceded to The King of Sweden

Napoleon I

German Confederation (1815–1866)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Head of the Presiding Power
War of the Seventh Coalition

(1815)

Victory Francis I
German revolutions of 1848–1849  German Confederation German Empire (1848–1849)

German Revolutionaries

Victory
  • Establishment of German state and introduction of liberal constitution
  • Dissolution of German Confederation
Ferdinand I

Archduke John of Austria

Frederick William IV

First Schleswig War (Part of the revolutions of 1848)  German Confederation  Denmark
Supported by:
Russian Empire Russian Empire
 United Kingdom
Sweden-Norway
 France
Defeat Ferdinand I of Austria

Franz Joseph I of Austria

Second Schleswig War

(1864)

 Kingdom of Prussia
 Austrian Empire
 Kingdom of Denmark Victory Otto von Bismarck
Austro-Prussian War

(1866)

Austrian-led German Confederation states Prussian-led German states

Kingdom of Italy Italy

Victory Francis Joseph I

North German Confederation (1867–1870/71)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Chancellor
Franco-Prussian War

(1870–1871)

 North German Confederation

 German Empire

(after 18 January 1871)

 French Third Republic (Government of National Defense) Victory Wilhelm I

Post-unification (1871–present)

German Empire (1871–1918)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Reichskanzler (Imperial chancellor) German losses
Nauruan Civil War
(1878–1888)
Supporters of King Aweida
 Germany
Anti-Aweida Rebels Victory
?
First Samoan Civil War
(1886–1894)
Supporters of Laupepa
 Germany
Supporters of Mata'afa Compromise
Abushiri Revolt
(1888–1889)
 Germany
 United Kingdom
Arab Rebels led by al-Harthi Victory
  • Rebellion put down
?
Hehe Rebellion
(1891–1898)
 Germany Hehe Victory
  • Rebellion put down
?
Bafut Wars
(1891–1907)
 Germany Fondom of Bafut Victory
?
Battle of Adibo
(1896)
 Germany Dagbaŋ Victory
?
Cretan Revolt
(1897–1898)
Cretan revolutionaries
Kingdom of Greece
 British Empire
 France
Kingdom of Italy Italy
 Russian Empire
 Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898)
 German Empire (until March 16, 1898)
 Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Establishment of the Cretan State.
  • Withdraw of Ottoman forces from Crete.
?
Second Samoan Civil War
(1898–1899)
Supporters of Mata'afa
 Germany
Supporters of Tanumafili I
 United States
 United Kingdom
Compromise
?
Boxer Rebellion
(1899–1901)
Russia
Empire of Japan Japan
British Empire United Kingdom
France
 United States
German Empire Germany
 Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Italy Italy
Yihetuan Movement
 China
Victory
?
Adamawa Wars
(1899–1907)
 Germany
 United Kingdom
Sokoto Caliphate
Mahdist rebels
Victory
?
Venezuelan Crisis
(1902–1903)
 United Kingdom
 Germany
 Italy
Venezuela Venezuela Compromise
  • Venezuelan debt dispute resolved
?
Kavango Uprising[14]
(1903)
 German Empire Kavango rebels Victory
  • Uprising suppressed
?
Herero Wars
(1904–1908)
 Germany Herero
Namaqua
Victory
1,541 dead[15]
Maji Maji Rebellion
(1905–1908)
 Germany Qadiriyya Brotherhood
Matumbi
Ngoni
Yao
Victory
  • Rebellion put down
397 dead[16]
Sokehs Rebellion
(1910–1911)
 Germany Sokehs tribe Victory
  • Rebellion put down
5 dead[17]
World War I
(1914–1918)
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
 France
 United Kingdom
Russia (withdrew)
 United States
 Italy
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Belgium
 Romania
 Greece
 Portugal
 Brazil
Nepal
 Japan
 China
 Siam
 Hejaz
Defeat
2,198,420 to
2,800,720 dead[18]
Finnish Civil War

(1918)

Victory
  • Establishment of the Kingdom of Finland
  • German hegemony until November 1918
  • Division in Finnish society
  • Collapse of the Finnish Reds
450–500 killed in action
Ukrainian War of Independence

(1917–1921)

 Ukrainian State

 South Russia

 Germany

 Poland

Victory

(The Bolsheviks were forced out of Ukraine as long as Germany was stationed there)

?

Weimar Republic (1918–1933)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Reichskanzler German losses
German Revolution
(1918–1919)
German Empire Germany Revolutionaries Government victory
?
Greater Poland Uprising
(1918–1919)
German Empire Germany POW Defeat
?
Lithuanian–Soviet War

(1918–1919)

Victory
?
First Silesian Uprising
(1919)
Weimar Republic POW-GS Victory
  • German forces crush uprising
?
Kapp Putsch

(1920)

 Weimar Republic
  • Striking workers
Putschists Government victory
  • Collapse of the Putsch
  • General strike in opposition of the Putsch
  • Order restored and elections held
  • Amnesty for Putschists
  • Ruhr uprising
?
Ruhr Uprising
(1920)
Weimar Republic Ruhr Red Army Government victory
  • Uprising crushed
1,600+
(Both combatants)
Second Silesian Uprising
(1920)
Weimar Republic POW-GS League of Nations ceasefire
  • Order restored by Allied intervention
?
March Action

(1921)

Weimar Republic Communist Party
Communist Workers Party
Government victory
31 police officers dead
Third Silesian Uprising
(1921)
Weimar Republic POW-GS League of Nations ceasefire
?
Hamburg Uprising

(1923)

Weimar Republic Communist Party of Germany Government victory
17 dead, 61 civilians dead
Beer Hall Putsch

(1923)

Weimar Republic Kampfbund Government victory
4 police officers dead, 1 civilian dead

Nazi Germany (1933–1945)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Führer German losses
German involvement in the Spanish Civil War
(1936–1939)
Spain Spanish Nationalists
 Italy
 Germany
Portugal Portugal
Second Spanish Republic Spanish Republicans
International Brigades
Victory
~300 killed[20]

Sudeten German uprising

Sudeten Germans

Supported by:
Germany

 Czechoslovakia Defeat

ca.200

Invasion of Czechoslovakia
(1939)
 Germany
 Hungary
 Poland
 Czechoslovakia Victory
21 killed and wounded[21]
World War II
(1939–1945)
 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Slovakia
 Croatia
 Kingdom of Iraq

 Finland
 Thailand

 Soviet Union
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
 France
 Poland
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Denmark
 Norway
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Ethiopia
 Brazil
 Mexico
 Colombia
 Cuba
Nepal
Philippines
 Mongolia
Defeat
6,900,000 to
7,400,000 dead[22]

East Germany (1949–1990)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Leadership of East Germany German losses
East German uprising of 1953
(1953)

 East Germany
Soviet Union

Demonstrators

Victory
5 police killed

Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor) German losses
Gulf War

(1990–1991)


 Iraq Iraq
Victory
?
Operation Deliberate Force
(1995)
 NATO
 Republika Srpska Victory
None
Operation Allied Force
(1999)
 NATO  FR Yugoslavia Victory
None
War in Afghanistan
(2001–2021)
 Afghanistan
ISAF
Afghanistan Taliban
al-Qaeda
Taliban victory
Gerhard Schröder
(2001–2005)
Angela Merkel
(2005–2021)
59 dead[24]
War on ISIL
(2015–present)
 Iraq
 Iraqi Kurdistan
 Syrian Kurdistan
CJTF–OIR
 ISIL
al-Qaeda
Ongoing
Angela Merkel
(2015–2021)
Olaf Scholz
(2021–)
See below[j]
Mali War
(2017–2023)
 Mali
United Nations MINUSMA
al-Qaeda Compromise
  • The Foreign Minister of Mali requested that the United Nations terminate MINUSMA due to what he called its "failure" to stabilize the situation there on 16 June 2023
  • MINUSMA was officially terminated on 30 June 2023.
  • Dissolution of United Nations peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2023
  • Withdrawal of all contributing MINUSMA nations and retreat of their troops within 6 months
2 dead[25]

Notes

  1. ^ States that allied at some point between 1618 and 1635
  2. ^ States that fought against the Emperor at some point between 1618 and 1635
  3. ^ The Dutch Brigade
  4. ^ a b c d e Mikaberidze 2020, p. 309 states that the contributions of coalition members aside from Austria were "rather nominal". Englund 2004, p. 345 writes that "the only real coalition to be mounted in this nominal fifth war of that name was the coalition France created against unhappy Austria; it included the key German States and Italy."
  5. ^ in rebellion against the Confederation of the Rhine
  6. ^ in rebellion against Bavaria
  7. ^ in rebellion against France in Illyria
  8. ^ in rebellion against the Kingdom of Italy
  9. ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
  10. ^ No German soldiers have been killed by ISIS, however, many German civilians have been killed in terror attacks claimed by ISIS. For details, see Islamic terrorism in Europe

References

  1. ^ Angelov, Dimiter (2019). The Byzantine Hellene: The Life of Emperor Theodore Laskaris and Byzantium in the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. p.89.
  2. ^ Byrne, Philippa (19 March 2023). "Translating German Emperors: A Staufen–Sicilian Synthesis under Henry VI?". The German Quarterly. 96 (2): 163–179. doi:10.1111/gequ.12333 – via CrossRef.
  3. ^ a b "Duitsland §6. Geschiedenis". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
  4. ^ Croxton 2013, pp. 225–226.
  5. ^ a b Heitz & Rischer 1995, p. 232.
  6. ^ Clark, Samuel (1995). State and Status: The Rise of the State and Aristocratic Power in Western Europe. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780773512269.
  7. ^ Zamoyski 2004, p. 87.
  8. ^ Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur, Campagne de Russie 1812: d'après le journal illustré d'un témoin oculaire, éditions Flammarion, 1812, 319 pages, p. 313.
  9. ^ Eugène Labaume, Relation circonstanciée de la Campagne de Russie en 1812 Archived 2023-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, éditions Panckoucke-Magimel, 1815, pp. 453–54.
  10. ^ a b c Chandler 1981, p. 181.
  11. ^ Hofschroer 2006, pp. 82, 83.
  12. ^ Hervé de Weck: Franche-Comté expedition in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 8 May 2007.
  13. ^ Hempestall & Mochida, p. 54
  14. ^ "Uprisings against the German/South African Colonial Power". klausdierks.com.
  15. ^ Bridgman, Jon M. (1966) Revolt of the Hereros University of California Press. p. 164 (KIA: 676, MIA:76, WIA: 907, died from disease: 689, civilians: 100)
  16. ^ Gellately, Robert; Ben Kiernan (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Published by Cambridge University Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-521-52750-3.
  17. ^ van der Vat, Dan. Gentlemen of War, The Amazing Story of Captain Karl von Müller and the SMS Emden. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. 1984, p. 19
  18. ^ See World War I casualties
  19. ^ Including conspirative co-operation between Germany and Russian Bolsheviks 1914–1918, Pipes 1996, pp. 113–149, Lackman 2009, pp. 48–57, McMeekin 2017, pp. 125–136
  20. ^ Thomas, Hugh (2003) [1961, 1987, 2001]. The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. p. 634. ISBN 0-14-101161-0. OCLC 248799351.
  21. ^ Boje o československé hranice v roce 1939
  22. ^ See World War II casualties
  23. ^ "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  24. ^ "Germany honors soldiers who fought in Afghanistan mission". dw.com. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  25. ^ "German military helicopter crashes in Mali, two peacekeepers killed". Reuters. 26 July 2017 – via www.reuters.com.

Sources

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya