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Martin Bryant
Martin John Bryant (born 7 May 1967) is an Australian mass murderer[1] who shot and killed thirty-five people and injured twenty-three others in the Port Arthur massacre on 28 and 29 April 1996.[2] He is currently serving thirty-five life sentences, and 135 years without the possibility of parole, at Risdon Prison in Hobart, Tasmania. Early lifeMartin Bryant was born on 7 May 1967 at Queen Alexandra Hospital in Hobart, Tasmania.[2] He was the first child of Maurice and Carleen Bryant. Although his family's home was in Lenah Valley, Bryant spent some of his childhood at their beach home in Carnarvon Bay, adjacent to the Port Arthur Historic Site. In a 2011 interview, Bryant's mother recalled that, when he was very young, she would often find his toys broken and that he was an "annoying" and "different" child.[3] A psychiatrist who examined Bryant told the family that he would never be capable of holding down a job because he would aggravate people to such an extent that he would always be in trouble.[3] In 1979, at age 12, Bryant was hospitalised at Royal Hobart Hospital from an injury caused by a firework accident. While in hospital, he was interviewed by a local television station.[4] Locals recall abnormal behaviour by Bryant, such as pulling the snorkel from another boy while diving and cutting down trees on a neighbour's property. At school he was a disruptive and sometimes violent student who suffered severe bullying by other children. Bryant was described by teachers as being distant from reality and unemotional. After he was suspended from New Town Primary School in 1977, psychological assessments noted that he tortured animals. Bryant returned to school the following year with improved behaviour but he persisted in teasing younger children. He was transferred to a special education unit at New Town High School in 1980, where he deteriorated both academically and behaviourally throughout his remaining school years.[5] Psychological and psychiatric assessmentsDescriptions of Bryant's behaviour as an adolescent show that he continued to be disturbed and outlined the possibility of an intellectual disability. When leaving school in 1983, he was assessed for a disability pension by a psychiatrist who wrote: "Cannot read or write. Does a bit of gardening and watches TV ... Only his parents' efforts prevent further deterioration. Could be schizophrenic and parents face a bleak future with him."[6] Bryant received a disability pension, though he also worked as a handyman and gardener.[6] In an examination after the massacre, forensic psychologist Ian Joblin found Bryant to be borderline mentally disabled with an IQ of 66, equivalent to an 11-year-old.[7][8] While awaiting trial, Bryant was examined by court-appointed psychiatrist Ian Sale, who was of the opinion that Bryant "could be regarded as having shown a mixture of conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity and a condition known as Asperger syndrome." Psychiatrist Paul Mullen, hired at the request of Bryant's legal counsel, found that he was socially and intellectually impaired. Furthermore, finding that he did not display signs of schizophrenia or a mood disorder, Mullen concluded, "Though Mr Bryant was clearly a distressed and disturbed young man, he was not mentally ill."[5] Adulthood and suspicious deathsIn early 1987, when Bryant was aged 19, he met 54-year-old Helen Mary Elizabeth Harvey, heiress to a share in the Tattersall's lottery fortune, while looking for new customers for his lawnmowing service. Helen, who lived with her mother Hilza, befriended Bryant, who became a regular visitor to her neglected mansion in New Town and assisted with tasks such as feeding the fourteen dogs living inside the mansion and the forty cats living inside her garage.[6] In June 1990, an unidentified person reported Helen to the health authorities, and medics found both Helen and her mother in need of urgent hospital treatment. With Helen suffering from infected ulcers and Hilza with a hip fracture, Hilza was moved into a nursing home and died several weeks later at the age of 79.[6] A mandatory clean-up order was placed on the Harvey mansion, and Bryant's father took long-service leave to assist in cleaning the interior. The local RSPCA unit had to confiscate many animals living in the house. Following the clean-up, Helen Harvey invited Bryant to live with her in the mansion and they began spending extravagant amounts of money, which included the purchase of more than thirty new cars in less than three years. The unconventional pair spent most of their time together extensively shopping, usually after having lunch in a local restaurant. Around this time, Bryant was reassessed for his disability pension and a note was attached to the paperwork: "Father protects him from any occasion which might upset him as he continually threatens violence ... Martin tells me he would like to go around shooting people. It would be unsafe to allow Martin out of his parents' control."[6] In 1991, as a result of no longer being allowed to have animals at the mansion, Harvey and Bryant moved together onto a 29-hectare (72-acre) farm called Taurusville that Harvey had purchased in the small township of Copping. Neighbours recalled that Bryant always carried an air gun and often fired it at tourists as they stopped to buy apples at a stall on the highway and that late at night, he would roam through the surrounding properties firing the gun at dogs when they barked at him. Residents in Copping avoided Bryant "at all costs" despite his attempts to befriend them.[6] On 20 October 1992, Harvey, aged 59, was killed along with two of her dogs when her car veered onto the wrong side of the road and hit an oncoming car directly.[6] Bryant was inside the vehicle at the time of the accident and was hospitalised for seven months with severe neck and back injuries. He returned to his family's home to convalesce after leaving hospital. Bryant was briefly investigated by police for the role he played in the accident, as he had a known habit of lunging for the steering wheel and Harvey had already had three accidents as a result. Harvey often told people that this was the reason she never drove faster than 60 kilometres an hour (37 mph). Harvey even allegedly said to a neighbour that "one of these days the little bastard [Bryant] is going to kill me." Bryant was named the sole beneficiary of Harvey's will and came into possession of assets totalling more than AU$550,000. As Bryant had only the "vaguest notions" of financial matters, his mother subsequently applied for and was granted a guardianship order, placing his assets under the management of public trustees. The order was based on evidence of Bryant's diminished intellectual capacity.[6] After Harvey's death, Bryant's father Maurice, aged 60, looked after the Copping farm. Maurice had been prescribed antidepressants and had discreetly transferred his joint bank account and utilities into his wife's name.[6] Two months later, on 14 August 1993, a visitor looking for Maurice at the Copping property found a note saying "call the police" pinned to the door and found several thousand dollars in his car. The rates officer at the time found no reason to suspect criminal intent and sent council members and police to quell the stresses put forward by letters sent to the local council chambers. Police searched the property for Maurice without success. Divers were called to search the four dams on the property, and on 16 August Maurice's body was found in the dam closest to the farmhouse, with a diving weight belt around his neck. Police described the death as "unnatural" and it was ruled a suicide. Bryant inherited the proceeds of his father's superannuation fund, valued at AU$250,000.[9] Bryant later sold the Copping farm for AU$143,000 and kept the former Harvey mansion.[5] While living at Copping, the white overalls he habitually wore were replaced with clothing more in line with Harvey's financial status. Now that he was alone, Bryant's fashion sense became more eccentric; he often wore a grey linen suit, cravat, lizard-skin shoes and a Panama hat while carrying a briefcase during the day, telling anyone who would listen that he had a high paying career as a businessman. Bryant often wore an electric-blue suit with flared trousers and a ruffled shirt to the restaurant he frequented. The restaurant owner recalled: "It was horrible. Everyone was laughing at him, even the customers. I really felt suddenly quite sorry for him. I realised this guy didn't really have any friends."[6] With both Harvey and his father dead, Bryant became increasingly lonely. From 1993 to late 1995, he visited traveled overseas fourteen times and a summary of his domestic airline travel filled three pages. However, Bryant had felt as lonely traveling as he did at home in Tasmania. He enjoyed the flights, as he could speak to the people sitting adjacent to him who had no choice but to be polite. He later took great joy in describing some of the conversations he had with fellow passengers.[5] Bryant ultimately became suicidal after deciding he had "had enough", stating, "I just felt more people were against me. When I tried to be friendly toward them, they just walked away." Although he had previously been little more than a social drinker, Bryant's alcohol consumption increased and, although he had not consumed any alcohol on the day of the massacre, had especially escalated in the six months prior to that day. His average daily consumption was estimated at half a bottle of Sambuca and a bottle of Baileys Irish Cream, supplemented with port wine and other sweet alcoholic drinks.[5] According to Bryant, he thought the plan for the massacre might have first occurred to him four to twelve weeks before the event.[5][10] Port Arthur massacreBryant has provided conflicting and confused accounts of what led him to kill thirty-five people at the Port Arthur site on 28 April 1996. It could have been his desire for attention, as he allegedly told a next-door neighbour, "I'll do something that will make everyone remember me."[11] His defence psychiatrist, Paul Mullen, former chief of forensic psychiatry at Monash University, said Bryant became fascinated with the Dunblane massacre in Scotland: "He followed Dunblane. His planning started with Dunblane. Before that he was thinking about suicide, but Dunblane and the early portrayal of the killer, Thomas Hamilton, changed everything".[7] Bryant's first victims, David and Noelene[12] Martin, owned the bed and breakfast guest house called 'Seascape.' The Martins had beaten Bryant's father to the punch in purchasing the bed and breakfast, and his father had complained to Bryant on numerous occasions of the damage done to their family because of that purchase.[13] Bryant apparently believed the Martins bought the property out of spite towards his family and blamed them for causing the depression that led to his father's suicide.[5] He fatally shot the Martins in the guest house and stole their weapons and the property keys before travelling to the Port Arthur site. At Port Arthur, Bryant entered the Broad Arrow Café on the grounds of the historic site, carrying a large blue sports bag. While he was eating, Bryant attempted to start conversations with random people about the lack of wasps in the area and the lack of usual Japanese tourists. Once he finished eating, Bryant moved toward the back of the café and set a video camera on a vacant table. He took out a Colt AR-15 SP1 Carbine (semi-automatic rifle) and, firing from the hip, began shooting patrons and staff. Within fifteen seconds, he had fired seventeen shots, killing twelve people and wounding ten. Bryant then walked to the other side of the shop and fired twelve more times, killing another eight people while wounding two. He then changed magazines before fleeing, shooting at people in the car park and from his yellow Volvo 244 car as he drove away; an additional four were killed and six were injured. Bryant drove 300 metres down the road, to where a woman and her two children were walking. He stopped and fired two shots, killing the woman and the child she was carrying. The older child fled, but Bryant followed her and killed her with a single shot. He then stole a 1980 gold BMW 7 series by killing all four of its occupants. A short distance down the road, he stopped beside a couple in a white Toyota and, drawing his weapon, ordered the male occupant into the boot of the BMW. After shutting the boot, he fired two shots into the windscreen of the Toyota, killing the female driver. Bryant returned to the guest house, set the stolen car alight and took his hostage inside, where he had left the Martins' corpses. The police tried to negotiate with Bryant for many hours before the battery in the phone he was using ran out, ending communication. Bryant's only demand was to be transported in an Australian Army helicopter to an airport. During the negotiations, Bryant killed his hostage. The following morning, eighteen hours later, Bryant set fire to the guest house and attempted to escape in the confusion.[14] Suffering burns to his back and buttocks, Bryant was captured and taken to Royal Hobart Hospital, where he was treated and kept under heavy guard. ImprisonmentBryant was judged fit to stand trial, which was scheduled to begin on 7 November 1996. He initially pleaded not guilty but was persuaded by his court-appointed lawyer, John Avery, to plead guilty to all charges.[7] Two weeks later, Hobart Supreme Court Judge William Cox gave Bryant thirty-five life sentences, plus 1,652 years in prison, without the possibility of parole, all of which is to be served concurrently; this life sentence being applied is "for the term of [his] natural life."[15][16] For the first eight months of his imprisonment, Bryant was held in a purpose-built suicide-prevention cell in almost complete solitary confinement. He remained in protective custody for his own safety until 13 November 2006, when he was moved into Hobart's Wilfred Lopes Centre,[17] a secure mental health unit run by the Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services. The thirty-five bed unit for inmates with serious mental illness is staffed with doctors, nurses and other support workers. Inmates are not locked down and can come and go from their cells. Exterior security at the facility is provided by a three-wall perimeter patrolled by private contract guards. On 5 July 2003, an incident occurred that led an inmate to spray a cleaning solution into Bryant's eyes. He was transferred to Royal Hobart Hospital.[18] On 25 March 2007, Bryant attempted to end his life by slashing his wrist with a razor blade. On 27 March he cut his throat with another razor blade and was hospitalised briefly.[19] Bryant is currently housed in the maximum-security Risdon Prison near Hobart.[20] Media coverageNewspaper coverage immediately after the massacre raised serious questions about journalistic practices, and criticism was directed toward Australian media. Photographs of Bryant published in The Australian had his eyes digitally manipulated with the effect of making him appear deranged and "glaring."[21][22] Despite the criticism, the manipulated photographs continued to be used in media reporting a decade later. There were also questions as to how the photos had been obtained. The Tasmanian director of public prosecutions warned media that the coverage compromised Bryant's right to a fair trial and writs were issued against The Australian, the Hobart Mercury (which used Bryant's picture under the headline "This is the Man"), The Age and the ABC. The chairman of the Australian Press Council at the time, David Flint, argued that because newspapers regularly ignored contempt-of-court provisions, this showed that the law, not the newspapers, needed change. Flint suggested that such a change in the law would not necessarily lead to trial by media.[23] Australian newspapers also came under critical scrutiny of their accounts of Bryant and how the kind of identity responsible for his and other similar kinds of killing might be understood.[24] Political aftermathAs a response to the massacre, Australian state and territory governments introduced extensive restrictions on all firearms, including semi-automatic centre-fire rifles, repeating shotguns (holding more than five shots) and high-capacity rifle magazines. In addition, limitations were imposed on low-capacity repeating shotguns and rim-fire semi-automatic rifles. Though the measures caused controversy, opposition to the new laws was lessened by media reporting of the massacre and mounting public opinion.[25] In popular cultureIn March 2012, Sydney artist Rodney Pople controversially won the AU$35,000 Glover Prize for his landscape painting depicting Port Arthur with Bryant in the foreground holding a firearm.[26] In 2019, the massacre was referenced in the lyrics of Pond's song, "The Boys Are Killing Me", featured on their album Tasmania.[27] The 2021 film Nitram, directed by Justin Kurzel, is based on Bryant's life,[28] with Caleb Landry Jones in the role of Bryant. Jones won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his portrayal. See alsoReferences
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