In the food industry, nisin is obtained from the culturing of L. lactis on natural substrates, such as dextrose, and it is not chemically synthesized.
It was originally isolated in the late 1930s, and produced since the 1950s as Nisaplin from naturally occurring sources by Aplin and Barrett in laboratories in Beaminster in Dorset (now owned by International Flavors & Fragrances), and approved as an additive for food use in the US in the late 1960s.[2]
Properties
While most bacteriocins generally inhibit only closely related species, nisin is a rare example of a "broad-spectrum" bacteriocin effective against many Gram-positive organisms, including lactic acid bacteria (commonly associated with avoiding food spoilage),Listeria monocytogenes (a known pathogen), Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, etc.[3] It is also particularly effective against spores. Gram-negative bacteria are protected by their outer membrane but may become susceptible to nisin action after a heat shock or when this is coupled with the chelator EDTA. When used in combination with EDTA, nisin can inhibit E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica.[3] Nisin, as a class I bacteriocin, is very stable at acidic pHs and is more heat stable at lower pHs.[3] The mode of action of Nisin against pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes is to dissipate the membrane potential and pH gradient.[3]
Nisin is soluble in water and effective at levels nearing the parts-per-billion range. Nisin concentration can be measured using various techniques such as chromatography or by a simple agar diffusion bioassay.[4]
Applications
Food production
Nisin is used in processed cheese, meats, beverages, etc. during production to extend shelf life by suppressing Gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria.[citation needed] In foods, it is common to use nisin at levels ranging from ~1-25 ppm, depending on the food type and regulatory approval. As a food additive, nisin has an E number of E234.
Other
Due to its naturally selective spectrum of activity, it is also employed as a selective agent in microbiological media to isolate gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and moulds.
Nisin has also been used in food packaging applications and can serve as a preservative by controlled release onto the food surface from the polymer packaging.[5]
