Polygonum aviculare or common knotgrass is a plant related to buckwheat and dock. It is also called prostrate knotweed, birdweed, pigweed and lowgrass. It is an annual found in fields and wasteland, with white flowers from June to October. It is widespread across many countries in temperate regions, apparently native to Eurasia, naturalized in temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere.[2][3][4][5][6][7]
Description
Common knotgrass is an annual, low-prostrate herb with semi-erect, branching stems, which forms patches up to about 2 m across as it matures. It has alternate linear-lanceolate leaves which are longer (7-15 mm) on the main stems than on the branches (3-5 mm). The whole plant is hairless and green, although it may appear mealy due to a powdery mildew,[8] which can give the leaves a whitish appearance.[3][9] The leaves fall early, especially on the main stem. The leaf stalks (petioles) are up to 5 mm long or sometimes absent. Above each leaf there is an ochrea, which is a translucent papery stipule that surrounds the stem.
The inflorescences occur in the leaf axils and consist of a group of 1-6 flowers, each on a very short (1 mm) stalk (pedicel). The flowers are green with white or pink margins, ranging in size from 2 to 4.5 mm. Each flower has five overlapping perianth segments, fused into a cup for about a third of their length, with 8 stamens and 3 carpels.[10][11]
The fruit is a dark brown nut 1.5 - 3.5 mm long with 3 concave sides and a dull, leathery sheen. When ripe it is enclosed in the perianth. The seeds need light to germinate which is why this plant appears in disturbed soil in locations where its seeds may have lain dormant for years.[12]
Taxonomy
The name "Polygonum" comes from the Ancient Greek for "many knees", in reference to the prominent joints (nodes) along the stem. The specific epithet "aviculare" means "little bird", possibly because the fruits resemble a bird's beak or an egg.[13] Common names include birdweed, pigweed and lowgrass.
Polygonum aviculare has a wide distribution as an arable weed and plant of fields, shingle, sand, roadsides, yards and waste places. There is much morphological variation among different populations and several different sub-species are recognized:[1][2][3][9]
Polygonum aviculare subsp. aviculare – very widespread
It is common on roadsides and arable ground in the British Isles.[15]
Ecology
The ecological requirements of this species are fairly modest. Its Ellenberg values in Britain are L = 7, F = 5, R = 6, N = 7, and S = 0, [17] which shows that it prefers average light, moisture and fertility, neutral pH and non-saline conditions. However, it can be found on beaches so it must be tolerant of occasional immersion in seawater.
Many species of insects feed on knotgrass, including the eponymous Knot Grass moth, Acronicta rumicis, whose larvae are phytophagous on the leaves. The UK's Database of Insects and their Food Plants lists 113 species which are known to feed on this plant in Britain, of which 10 are beetles, 2 are flies, 8 are Hemiptera (bugs and aphids), and the remaining 93 Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).
It formed a traditional ingredient in porridge consumed by Germanic peoples of western Europe, and has been found in numerous autopsies of peat bodies, including the Tollund Man.
In Vietnam, where it is called rau đắng, it is widely used to prepare soup and hot pot, particularly in the southern region.
In culture
In the Harry Potter novels, knotgrass is an ingredient in the magic potion polyjuice.[22]
^Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
^https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338187775 Parasitic activity of powdery mildew (pathogen strain hmlac226) on prostrate knotweed (polygonum aviculare l.) at various locations of Shenyang, northeast China , Iqbal, M. F., Fend, Y. L., Liu, M. C., Lu, X. R., Nasir, M., Sikandar, A., 2019
^Xu, Fuquan; Guan, Huashi; Li, Guoqiang; Liu, Hongbing (2009). "LC Method for Analysis of Three Flavonols in Rat Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration of Polygonum aviculare Extract". Chromatographia. 69 (11–12): 1251–1258. doi:10.1365/s10337-009-1088-x. S2CID93888073.
^Kim, Hyoung Ja; Woo, Eun-Rhan; Park, Hokoon (1994). "A Novel Lignan and Flavonoids from Polygonum aviculare". Journal of Natural Products. 57 (5): 581–586. doi:10.1021/np50107a003.
^Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
^Rowling, J.K. (1998). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.
