In the early 20th century, the original Italian Fascists initially claimed to be neither left-wing nor right-wing, but in 1921 they began to identify themselves as the "extreme right", and their founder Benito Mussolini explicitly affirmed that fascism is opposed to socialism and other left-wing ideologies.
"Fascism" or "fascist" is widely used as an insult directed towards political opponents, especially those perceived as "extreme".
Use of the term
By the anti-Stalinist left, mid-20th century
Use of the term "red fascist" was first recorded in the early 1920s, in the aftermath of both the Russian Revolution and the March on Rome, for instance by ItaliananarchistLuigi Fabbri who wrote in 1922 that "red fascists" is the name that has recently been given to those Bolshevik communists who are most inclined to espouse fascism's methods for use against their adversaries.[3][additional citation(s) needed]
In the following years, some socialists began to believe and argue that the Soviet government was becoming a red fascist state. Bruno Rizzi, an Italian Marxist and a founder of the Communist Party of Italy who became an anti-Stalinist, claimed in 1938 that "Stalinism [took on] a regressive course, generating a species of red fascism identical in its superstructural and choreographic features [with its Fascist model]."[4]
The term is often attributed to Franz Borkenau, a key proponent of the theory of totalitarianism (which posits that there are certain essential similarities between fascism and Stalinism). Borkenau used the term in 1939.[6]Otto Rühle wrote that "the struggle against fascism must begin with the struggle against bolshevism", adding that he believed the Soviets had influence on fascist states by serving as a model. In 1939, Rühle further professed:
Russia was the example for fascism. [...] Whether party 'communists' like it or not, the fact remains that the state order and rule in Russia are indistinguishable from those in Italy and Germany. Essentially they are alike. One may speak of a red, black, or brown 'soviet state', as well as of red, black or brown fascism.[7][8]
Similarly, the exiled Russian anarchist Volin, who saw the Soviet state as totalitarian and as an "example of integral state capitalism",[8] used the term "red fascism" to describe it.[11]
The term "red fascism" was also used in America during and leading up to the Cold War as an anti-communist slogan. In a September 18, 1939, editorial, The New York Times reacted to the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact by declaring that "Hitlerism is brown communism, Stalinism is red fascism."[15] The editorial further opined:
The world will now understand that the only real 'ideological' issue is one between democracy, liberty and peace on the one hand and despotism, terror and war on the other.[15]
After the war, in 1946, J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the FBI, gave a speech in which he said:
Hitler, Tojo, and Mussolini brands of Fascism were met and defeated on the battle fıeld. All those who stand for the American way of life must arise and defeat Red Fascism in America by focusing upon it the spotlight of public opinion and by building up barriers of common decency through which it cannot penetrate.[16]
The speech was reprinted in December 1946 in the Washington News Digest, and Hoover also entitled an article “Red Fascism in the United States Today” in American Magazine in February 1947.[16]
Тим терором російський червоний фашизм (більшовизм) намагається перетворити 100 національностей в т.зв. "єдиний радянський народ", цебто фактично в російський народ.[17]
With this terror, Russian red fascism (Bolshevism) is trying to turn 100 ethnic groups into the so-called "single Soviet people," that is, in fact, the Russian people.
^Dullin, Sabine; Pickford, Susan (2011-11-15). "How to wage warfare without going to war?. Stalin's 1939 war in the light of other contemporary aggressions". Cahiers du monde russe. 52 (2–3): 221–243. doi:10.4000/monderusse.9331. ISSN1252-6576. Retrieved 2021-08-26. the Austrian historian and sociologist Franz Borkenau, himself a former Communist, published The Totalitarian Enemy on December 1, 1939 (London, Faber & Faber, 1940), writing the work after the shock of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the start of the war... For Borkenau, the pact clarified the situation and the parties present brought out the underlying similarities between the German and Russian systems, which he described as "Brown Bolshevism" and "Red Fascism," thereby increasing the war's legitimacy in defending freedom.
^Rühle, Otto (1939). "The Struggle Against Fascism Begins with the Struggle Against Bolshevism". The American Councillist Journal – Living Marxism. 4 (8).
^Wald, Alan (2000). "Victor Serge and the New York Anti-Stalinist left". Critique. 28 (1). Informa UK Limited: 99–117. doi:10.1080/03017600108413449. ISSN0301-7605. S2CID152152043. the prevailing anti-Stalinism of most of the New York writers overwhelmed their other concerns... they consciously chose to ally with the "West" as the lesser of two evils locked in struggle in the 'Cold War.' The 'West', of course, was their euphemism for imperialism, which had now become an acceptable ally against what they called 'Red Fascism'.
^Багряний І. На новий шлях. Чому я не хочу вертатися до СРСР?. – К.: «Українська прес-група», 2012. – 112 с. – (Бібліотека газети «День»; серія «Бронебійна публіцистика»).
^Geary, Daniel (2003-12-01). "Carey McWilliams and Antifascism, 1934–1943". Journal of American History. 90 (3). Oxford University Press: 912–934. doi:10.2307/3660881. ISSN0021-8723. JSTOR3660881. In the postwar period, Tenney's language of 'red fascism,' which identified fascism with the domestic progressive agenda and denounced it as a Communist plot, would supplant McWilliams's equation of fascism with American political repression, class inequalities, and racism. Not only right-wingers such as Tenney but Cold War liberals as well identified fascism with an oppressive totalitarianism common to the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany and absent from the democratic society of the United States.
