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Somme (river)

For other uses, see Somme (disambiguation).
Somme
The Somme
Somme basin with course in Northern France
Location
CountryFrance
RegionPicardy
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationFonsommes
 • coordinates49°54′23″N 03°24′11″E / 49.90639°N 3.40306°E / 49.90639; 3.40306
 • elevation85 m (279 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
Saint-Valery-sur-Somme
English Channel
 • coordinates
50°11′10″N 01°38′35″E / 50.18611°N 1.64306°E / 50.18611; 1.64306
Length245 km (152 mi)
Basin size6,550 km2 (2,530 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • locationAbbeville
 • average35 m3/s (1,200 cu ft/s)

The Somme (UK: /sɒm/ SOM, US: /sʌm/ SUM,[1][2] French: [sɔm] ⓘ) is a river in Picardy, northern France.

The river is 245 km (152 mi) in length, from its source in the high ground of the former Arrouaise Forest [fr] at Fonsomme near Saint-Quentin, to the Bay of the Somme, in the English Channel. It lies in the geological syncline which also forms the Solent. This gives it a fairly constant and gentle gradient where several fluvial terraces have been identified.[3]

Name

The Somme river was known in ancient times as Samara. It presumably means 'the summery river', that is to say the 'quiet river', stemming from an adjective *sam-aro- ('summery') itself derived from the Celtic root *samo- ('summer').[4][5]

The city of Amiens was also known as Samarobriva (Gaulish: 'bridge on the Samara'). It is attested by the early 1st century BC as the chief town of the Ambiani, an ancient Gallic tribe of the region.[5] The modern department of Somme was named after this river.

History

Edward III Crossing the Somme, King Edward III (at the Battle of Blanchetaque): painting by Benjamin West, 1788

The Somme has featured prominently in several military campaigns. In 1066, the invasion fleet of William the Conqueror assembled in the Bay of the Somme, at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme. The river also featured in the 1346 withdrawal of Edward III of England's army, which forded the river at the Battle of Blanchetaque during the campaign, which culminated in the Battle of Crécy. Crossing the river also featured prominently in the campaign which led to the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.

In 1636, a Spanish army led by Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano, crossed the Somme defeating a French army during the Thirty Years War threatening Paris.[6]

Most famously, the Battle of the Somme, during World War I, lasted from July to November 1916 and resulted in more than a million casualties. Private A. S. Bullock in his wartime memoir recalled his first sight of it in early April 1918: "... we reached a small place called Hengest sur Somme. The train stopped and we descended. There in front of us was a muddy, sluggish and somewhat narrow stream, which has given its name to one of the most awful battles in history – the Somme."[7] The great battles that finally stopped the German advance in the Spring Offensive of 1918 were fought around the valley of the Somme in places like Villers Bretonneux, which marked the beginning of the end of the war.

The source of the Somme, at Fonsommes

Départements and towns along the river

The mouth of the Somme in the English Channel
The estuary is now much smaller than it once was but still extensive.
The Somme at Amiens

Tributaries

The tributaries listed comprise:

Left tributaries:

  1. the Sommette,
  2. the Beine,
  3. the Allemagne,
  4. the Ingon,
  5. the Avre with tributaries Luce and Noye,
  6. the Selle,
  7. the Saint-Landon,
  8. the Airaines,
  9. the Trie,
  10. the Amboise and l'Avalasse

Right tributaries:

  1. the Germaine,
  2. the Omignon,
  3. the Cologne,
  4. La Tortille,
  5. the Ancre,
  6. the Hallue,
  7. the Nièvre,
  8. the Scardon,
  9. the Dien

Hydrology

The river is characterized by a very gentle gradient and a steady flow. The valley is more or less steep-sided but its bottom is flat with fens and pools. These characteristics of steady flow and flooded valley bottom arise from the river's being fed by the ground water in the chalk basin in which it lies. At earlier, colder times, from the Günz to the Würm (Beestonian or Nebraskan to Devensian or Wisconsinian) the river has cut down into the Cretaceous geology to a level below the modern water table. The valley bottom has now therefore, filled with water which, in turn, has filled with fen. This picture, of the source of the Somme in 1986, shows it when the water table had fallen below the surface of the chalk in which the aquifer lies. Here, the flow of water had been sufficient to keep fen from forming.

This satellite photograph shows the fenny valley crossing the chalk to the sea on the left. The sinuous length at the centre of the picture lies downstream from Péronne.

One of the fens, the Marais de l'Île is a nature reserve in the town of St.Quentin. The traditional market gardens of Amiens, the Hortillonages are on this sort of land but drained. Once exploited for peat cutting, the fen is now used for fishing and shooting

In 2001, the Somme valley was affected by particularly high floods, which were in large part due to a rise in the water table of the surrounding land.

Flow-rate data (external links)

Monthly flow rates

Catchment area 5,560 km2 (2,150 sq mi).

Flow rates at Hangest-sur-Somme

Daily flow rates compared with mean rates for the time of year at Hangest-sur-Somme (m³/s). Catchment area 4,835 km2 (1,867 sq mi).

  • for the year -

1993. 1995. 1997. 1998. 1999. 2001. 2003. 2005.

Flow rates at Péronne

Mean flow rates monthly and daily at Péronne (m³/s). Catchment area 1,294 km2 (500 sq mi).

  • for the year -

1987. 1989. 1991.1992.1993.
1995.1996.1997.1999.2000.2001.2002.2003.2004.2005.

The Marquenterre bird sanctuary at the mouth of the river

The construction of the Canal de la Somme began in 1770 and reached completion in 1843. It is 156 km (97 mi) long, beginning at St.Simon and opening into the Bay of the Somme. From St.Simon to Froissy (near Bray sur Somme, south of Albert), the canal is alongside the river. Thence to the sea, the river is partly river and partly navigation. From Abbeville, it is diverted through the silted, former estuary, to Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, where the maritime canal, once called the canal du Duc d'Angoulême enters the English Channel.

An example of the lakes formed in the fen of the valley bottom. They attract wildfowlers and anglers.

The St Quentin Canal, famous for the 1918 battle, links the Somme to northern France and Belgium and southward to the Oise. The Canal du Nord also links the Somme to the Oise, at Noyon, thence to Paris.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  2. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
  3. ^ Gargani J.; Stab O; Cojan I.n Brulhet J. (2006). "Modelling the long-term fluvial erosion of the river Somme during the last million years". Terra Nova. 18 (2): 118–129. Bibcode:2006TeNov..18..118G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00671.x. S2CID 130418864.
  4. ^ Matasović 2009, p. 321.
  5. ^ a b Falileyev 2010, s.v. Samara and Samarobriva Ambianorum.
  6. ^ Hanotaux, Gabriel (1933–1947). Histoire du cardinal de Richelieu (in French). Vol. 5. Paris. 319–21, 327.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Bullock, Arthur Stanley (2009). Gloucestershire Between the Wars: a memoir. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752447933.

Sources

  • Delattre, Ch., Mériaux, E. and Waterlot, M. Guides Géologiques Régionaux: Région du Nord, Flandre Artois Boulonnais Picardie (1973)
  • Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
  • Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9789004173361.
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