Suphannabhum

Suphannabhum Kingdom แคว้นสุพรรณภูมิ (Thai) Kwaen Suphannabhum
Before 807 –1438
Suphanburi Uthong Location of Suphanburi, the center of Suphannabhum (red pog), and the preceding Mueang Uthong (blue pog)
The present map of Suphan Buri shows the old moat on the west side of the city-state of Suphannabhum. The eastern moat has been destroyed. Its total size before the formation of Ayutthaya Kingdom was 1900x3600 meters and it straddled the Tha Chin River in a north-south direction.[1]
Capital	Nakhon Pathom/ Mueang Uthong (before 807) Kanchanaburi (807–1181) Suphanburi (1182–1438)
Monarch
• 807–867	Kong
• 1408–1424 (last)	Chao Ai Phraya
Historical era	Post-classical era
• Foundation of old Kanchanaburi	807
• Foundation of Suphan Buri	877
• Lavo seized Suphannabhum	928/929
• Suphannabhum/ Haripuñjaya seized Lavo	1052
• Tributary of Sukhothai	1283–1298
• Joined federation with Lavo and formed Ayutthaya Kingdom	1351
• Claimed Ayutthaya throne	1370
• Lost Ayutthaya to Lavo	1388
• Reclaimed Ayutthaya	1424
• Annexed to Ayutthaya	1438
• First Fall of Ayutthaya	1569
Preceded by Succeeded by Lavo Phetchaburi Dvaravati Ayutthaya Kingdom
Today part of	Thailand

Suphannabhum or Suvarnabhumi; later known as Suphan Buri (Thai: สุพรรณภูมิ or สุพรรณบุรี) was a Siamese city-state, that emerged in the early "Siam proper" which stretched from present-day west central Thailand to the north of the Kra Isthmus, with key historical sites at Uthong,^[2]: 4–6 Nakhon Pathom,^{[3]: 140 [4]} Suphan Buri,^[5]: 40 and Ban Don Ta Phet [th].^[6] The kingdom is referred to as Xiān in the Chinese records since 1349,^[5]: 40 but according to the archaeological evidence, it was speculated to have emerged around the mid-12th century.^{[7]: 276–7}

Suphannabhum became the center of Xiān, succeeding Phip Phli [th], no later than 1349, when Xiān was defeated by Luó hú (Lavo) and the tribute sent to China under the name of Xiānluó hú (Siam-Lavo or Ayutthaya Kingdom) was led by Xiān's King of Su-men-bang, in which Su-men-bang has been identified with Suphanburi.^[5]: 40 Since then, it was one of the states under the mandala confederatin of Ayutthaya Kingdom and was completely merged to the Ayutthaya in 1438.^[7]: 282 However, modern scholars suggest Xiān mentioned in the Chinese and Đại Việt sources since the 11th century potentially was Ayodhya, a polity that later known as the Ayutthaya Kingdom (Xiānluó hú or Xiānluó) in the mid-14th century.^[8][9]

Under the name of Xiānluó hú or Xiānluó, the state performed 41 tributary missions to the Chinese court during the Hongwu era, 33 in the name of Xiānluó hú and as Xiānluó for the remaining.^{[5]: 40 [10]: 70} In the era of Ankorian king Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218), an inscription called Prasat Phra Khan (จารึกปราสาทพระขรรค์) was made. Among others, the name Suvarnapura is mentioned, which has been identified with Suphanburi.^[11]

According to the local legends, Suphannabhum is the succeeding state of an ancient port city of Mueang Uthong,^[12][13] which evolved into complex state societies around 300 C.E.^{[14]: 300, 302, 306–307} Since the river leading to the sea was dried up in places, shallow, and consequently not navigable, and also due to some pandemics, Uthong lost its influence as the trading hub; the city was then abandoned around the 11th century and the people then moved to resettle in the present day Suphanburi.^{[12][13][15]: 6, 27–9} This timeline corresponds with that the Tambralinga's king Sujita seized Lavo and was said to conquer the Mons of the Menam Valley and the upper Malay peninsula in the 10th century,^{[16]: 283 [15]: 16} the 9-year civil wars in the Angkor in the early 11th century, which led to the devastation of Lavo,^[17] as well as the Pagan invasion of Lavo around the mid-10th century.^{[15]: 41 [18]: 4} All of these are probably the causes of the fall of Mueang Uthong.^{[16]: 283 [15]: 41}

This region has been claimed to be the legendary Suvarnabhumi by several local scholars.^[19][20] Numerous ruins and artifacts from the Dvaravati period have been discovered around the area. However, contemporary documents from this period are sparse; the available material consists primarily of local chronicles and legends.^{[15]: 12–3}

Paul Wheatley suggests that the city-state of Chin Lin which was mentioned in the Chinese archives of the Liang dynasty as the state that was Fan Man, the Great King of Funan Kingdom, attempt to conquer in the 4th century CE, might be located in west central Thailand, since the word "Chin Lin" 金鄰/金邻 means "Land of Gold" or "Suvarnabhumi"; as mentioned in the archive, it was a state located approximately 2,000 li (800 kilometers) west of the Funan Kingdom, which corresponded to the area where is now central Thailand.^{[21]: 116–117 [22]}

According to the Northern Chronicle [th], the region's political center from the 9th to 12th centuries was located at the old Kanchanaburi city ruins but local legends suggest it was in the old town Nakhon Pathom (formerly known as Nakhon Chaisri),^{[23]: 56–60} which has been speculated to be the center of Dvaravati.^[24]: 281 As per Chalerm Kanchanakam's calculations based on the text provided in the Yonok Chronicle [th], which states that Phraya Phan, the founder of Suphan Buri, ascended to rule Haripuñjaya in 913,^[25]: 530 it is estimated that Suphan Buri was founded around 877–883.^[26]

George Cœdès believed that Mueang Uthong was the center of the Dvaravati civilization.^[27]: 18

After the end of the ancient maritime-oriented port era and the decline of Dvaravati, Suphannabhum then emerged around the mid-12th century following the prosperity of Lavo Kingdom and the Ankorian during the reign of Jayavarman VII and the influx of people from the north.^{[7]: 276–7} This has been supported by several ancient ruins in the area that dates before the Ayutthaya period;^[28]: 4 two of them are the Ankorian Bayon style and the other two are the Indian Pala-Sena architects, which are also found in Lavo, Pagan, and Haripuñjaya.^{[7]: 276–7} According to the Northern Chronicle [th], the city of Suphanburi existed before the mid-12 century since King Katae (กาแต), who was of the Mon's Pagan Saw Lu lineage and ruled Kanchanaburi (some versions say Nakhon Chaisri) from 1165 to 1205, ordered his relative to build a temple in Phanthumburi (พันธุมบุรี) and renamed the city to Songphanburi (สองพันบุรี; present-Suphanburi).^[23]: 60

Suphannabhum gradually controlled the economy of all Tha Chin Rivers and raised its power until being annexed to the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1283, as recorded in the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription.^{[28] : 3} However, after the death of Sukhothai's Ram Khamhaeng in 1298, several tributary states of Sukhothai, which included Suphannabhum, began to break away rapidly.^[29] Via Royal intermarriage, Suphannabhum united with the eastern neighboring Lavo Kingdom, to establish a confederated polity seat in Ayodhya in 1351. Suphannabhum gained recognition in the mid-13th century when the state leaders named ‘Khun Laung Pao Ngouy’ (later Ayutthaya's Borommarachathirat I) and ‘Jao Nakhon In’ (later Ayutthaya's Intharacha) extended their political economy influence to Ayutthaya.^{[7]: 272–3}

In the early Ayutthaya period, Suphannabhum was ruled by the Ayutthaya's crown princes.^[30] It was demoted to the frontier city and was completely annexed to Ayutthaya in 1438.^[7]: 282 Since then, Suphannabhum has been completely restricted in terms of both economics and politics, particularly in terms of trade with China and establishing relations with other cities, because it was determined to have relations only with the capital, acting as a military base and producing tribute for the capital. These transformed Suphannabhum into an agricultural area to supply Ayutthaya for export.^{[18]: 5–6}

The origin of the Suphannabhum dynasty remains unclear. Previous scholars believed that the first king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, later called by modern historians King Uthong, once ruled the city of Uthong,^{[15]: 1, 10} but the theory has been proven to be false.^[15]: 103 It was expected that Khun Laung Pho Ngouy, who was later known as the 3rd Ayutthaya' king Borommarachathirat I – the first king from Suphannabhum clan, might have lineage from Sukhothai as he married a princess in Sukhothai's Loe Thai and royal intermarriages between his descendants and the Sukhothai dynasty happened multiple times.^[31] Furthermore, political movements and architectural styles in Suphanburi during the Ayutthaya period demonstrate a tight relationship between these two dynasties. The kinship between the royal families of Suphanburi and Sukhothai probably existed for a long time, at least since the reign of the Sukhothai's king Ramkhamhaeng.^[32]

Local legends say Khun Laung Pho Ngouy is a descendant of Khun In (ขุนอิน), while the Ayutthaya Kingdom's 1st king, Uthong, is a descendant of Khun Kham Phong (ขุนคำผง) founder of Singhanavati's capital Yonok Nahaphan. Both Khun In and Khun Kham Phong are two of seven sons of Khun Borom,^[33] a legendary progenitor of the Southwestern Tai-speaking peoples.^[34] Simon de la Loubère's record, Du royaume de Siam, refers to the first Siamese king as a descendant of Chaiyasiri,^{[35][36][37][38]} son of a legendary King Phrom of the Singhanavati clan.^[39]

The early era of the Suphannabhum dynasty and its relations with other royal families in the lower Chao Phraya Valley from the 10th century to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom is shown below.

Note

Notes

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2024)

• 
  U-Thong style sculpture, found in Wat Kai Tia [th], Si Prachan district, Suphan Buri province
• 
  Main stupa at Wat Morakot, Mueang Suphan Buri, dates to the early 10th century.
• 
  Chedi at the Wat Kuti Song ruin, Mueang Suphan Buri.
• 
  Chedi at the Wat Nong Neng ruin, Mueang Suphan Buri, dates to the early Ayuttha period.
• 
  Wat Pa Lelai Worawihan, dates before 1181 (King Katae's reign).
• 
  Ancient ruin in Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat [th], dates before 1408.
• 
  Lan Na style [th] chedi in an ancient Wat Thale Thalai, Mueang district.
• 
  Dvaravati style sculpture, found in Wat Chi Suk Kasem [th], Mueang district.
• 
  Thailand's oldest Reclining Buddha, found in Wat Phra Non [th], Mueang district.