Considered to be the main Galician dialect, spoken in the Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts. Its distinguishing characteristics are the influence of Polish and the German vocabulary, which is reminiscent of the Austro-Hungarian rule.
Spoken by the Lemko people, most of whose homeland rests outside the current political borders of Ukraine in the Prešov Region of Slovakia along the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains, and in the southeast of modern Poland, along the northern sides of the Carpathians.
Spoken people around Uzhhorod, in the Zakarpattia Oblast. It is similar to the Lemko dialect but differs from it due to the historical influence and integration of Slovakian and Hungarian elements.
the basis of the Standard Literary Ukrainian. It is spoken in the central part of Ukraine, primarily in the southern and eastern part of the Kyiv Oblast). In addition, the dialects spoken in Cherkasy, Poltava and Kyiv regions are considered to be close to standard Ukrainian.
spoken in Kharkiv, Sumy, Luhansk, and the northern part of Donetsk, as well as in the Voronezh and Belgorod regions of Russia.[5] This dialect is formed from a gradual mixture of Russian and Ukrainian, with progressively more Russian in the northern and eastern parts of the region. Thus, there is no linguistic border between Russian and Ukrainian, and thus, both grammar sets can be applied. This dialect is considered a transitional dialect between Ukrainian and Russian.[6]
spoken in Chernihiv (excluding the southeastern districts), in the northern part of Sumy, and in the southeastern portion of the Kyiv Oblast as well as in the adjacent areas of Russia, which include the southwestern part of the Bryansk Oblast (the area around Starodub), as well as in some areas in the Kursk, Voronezh and Belgorod oblasts.[9] No linguistic border can be defined. The vocabulary approaches Russian as the language approaches the Russian Federation. Both Ukrainian and Russian grammar sets can be applied to this dialect. Thus, this dialect can be considered a transitional dialect between Ukrainian and Russian.[6]
spoken in the northern part of the Volyn Oblast, the northwestern part of the Rivne Oblast as well as in the adjacent districts of the Brest Region in Belarus. The dialect spoken in Belarus uses Belarusian grammar, and thus is considered by some to be a dialect of Belarusian.[11]
Ukrainian is also spoken by a large émigré population, particularly in Canada (Canadian Ukrainian), The United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia. The founders of this population primarily emigrated from Galicia, which used to be part of Austro-Hungary before World War I, and belonged to Poland between the World Wars. The language spoken by most of them is based on the Galician dialect of Ukrainian from the first half of the twentieth century. Compared with modern Ukrainian, the vocabulary of Ukrainians outside Ukraine reflects less influence of Russian, yet may contain Polish or German loanwords. It often contains many loanwords from the local language as well (e.g. снікерси, snikersy, for "sneakers" in the United States[15]).
Disputed status of some dialects
Russian "dialectological map" of 1914. Territory inhabited by Ukrainian-speakers in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires is shaded in green. The language was called Ruthenian in Austria-Hungary and "Little Russian" or "Malorussian dialect" in the Russian Empire."Map of South-Russian accents and dialects" (1871). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ukrainian language was categorized by Russian academics as a derivative of Russian language referred to as "South-Russian" or "Little-Russian".[16]
Balachka
Balachka is spoken in the Kuban region of Russia, by the Kuban Cossacks. The Kuban Cossacks being descendants of the Zaporozhian Cossacks are beginning to consider themselves as a separate ethnic identity. Their dialect is based on Middle Dnieprian with the Ukrainian grammar. It includes dialectal words of central Ukrainian with frequent inclusion of Russian vocabulary, in particular for modern concepts and items. It varies somewhat from one area to another.[6]
The Rusyn language is classified as a dialect of Ukrainian by the Ukrainian government.[citation needed] However Rusyn is considered by some linguists to be a separate language.
Dolinian Rusyn or Subcarpathian Rusyn is spoken in the Zakarpattia Oblast.
Priashiv Rusyn is the Ukrainian dialect spoken in the Prešov (Ukrainian: Пряшів, romanized: Priashiv) region of Slovakia, as well as by some émigré communities, primarily in the United States of America.
Luckyj, George S.N. ([1956] 1990). Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917–1934, revised and updated edition, Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN0-8223-1099-6.
G.Y. Shevelov (1979). A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Verlag. ISBN3-533-02787-2.. Ukrainian translation is partially available online.
Григорій Петрович Півторак (Hryhoriy Pivtorak) (1998). Походження українців, росіян, білорусів та їхніх мов (The origin of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians and their languages). Kyiv: Akademia. ISBN966-580-082-5., (in Ukrainian). Available online.
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