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Watts Bar Nuclear Plant
The Watts Bar Nuclear Plant is a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) nuclear reactor pair used for electric power generation. It is located on a 1,770-acre (7.2 km²) site in Rhea County, Tennessee, near Spring City, between Chattanooga and Knoxville. Watts Bar supplies enough electricity for about 1.2 million households in the Tennessee Valley. The plant, construction of which began in 1973, has two Westinghouse pressurized water reactor units: Unit 1, completed in 1996, and Unit 2, completed in 2015. Unit 1 has a winter net dependable generating capacity of 1,167 megawatts. Unit 2 has a capacity of 1,165 megawatts. Unit 2 was the first of three new power reactors to enter service in the 21st century in the United States, followed by Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Units 3 and 4. Unit 1Construction on Unit 1 began on 23 January 1973 and suffered from many delays. After construction was halted on both units in 1985, construction resumed on Unit 1 in 1992.[1] Criticality was first achieved on 1 January 1996, and commercial operation began on May 5, 1996.[2] In the early 2000s, the four original steam generator units were replaced with units made from Inconel 690 which is more resistant to stress corrosion cracking.[3] Unit 2Unit 2 construction started in 1972.[4] Unit 2 was 60% complete when construction on both units was stopped in 1985 due in part to a projected decrease in power demand.[4][5] In 2007, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Board approved completion of Unit 2 on August 1, and construction resumed on October 15.[6] The project was expected to cost $2.5 billion and employ around 2,300 contractor workers. Once finished, it was expected to employ 250 people in permanent jobs.[7] The final cost of the plant is estimated at $6.1 billion.[4] A year after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued 9 orders to improve safety at domestic plants. Two changes applied to Watts Bar Unit 2 and required design modifications: "Mitigation Strategies Order"[8] and "Spent Fuel Pool Instrumentation Order".[9] In February 2012, TVA said the design modifications to Watts Bar 2 were partially responsible for the project running over budget and behind schedule.[5] The second unit costs a total of $4.7 billion bringing the total costs of the two unit plant to more than $12 billion.[10] It will likely be the last Generation II reactor to be completed in the US.[11] TVA declared construction substantially complete in August 2015 and requested that NRC staff proceed with the final licensing review; on October 22, the NRC approved a 40-year operating license for Unit 2, marking the formal end of construction and allowing for the installation of nuclear fuel and subsequent testing.[12] On December 15, 2015, TVA announced that the reactor was fully loaded with fuel and ready for criticality and power ascension tests. In March 2016, the NRC described the project as a "chilled work environment," where employees are reluctant to raise safety concerns for fear of retribution.[4] On May 23, 2016, initial criticality was achieved.[13] Commercial operation began in October 2016.[14] On October 19, 2016 the Watts Bar 2 was the first United States reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996.[15] Due to failures in its condenser, TVA took it offline on March 23, 2017. The condenser, which was installed during the original construction phase of the plant in the 1970s, suffered a structural failure in one of its sections. On August 1, 2017, the unit was restarted after four months of repairs to the condenser.[4] In 2022, the four original steam generator units installed in the 1970s on unit 2 were replaced with units made from Inconel 690 which is more resistant to stress corrosion cracking and expected to last the life of the plant. Replacing the units involved cutting two large holes in the containment building. Because of radioactive contamination the old units will be kept until the plant is decommissioned.[3] Electricity Production
Tritium productionThe NRC operating license for Watts Bar was modified in September 2002 to allow irradiation of tritium-producing burnable absorber rods at Watts Bar to produce tritium for the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Nuclear Security Administration in order to maintain the viability of America's nuclear weapons. Tritium, the fusion fuel in nuclear weapons, has a half-life of 12.3 years, which means it decays at 5.5% per year and must be renewed. The Watts Bar license amendment permits TVA to irradiate up to approximately 2,000 tritium-producing rods in the Watts Bar reactor.[17] TVA began irradiating tritium-producing rods at Unit 1 in the fall of 2003. TVA removed these rods from the reactor in the spring of 2005. DOE successfully shipped them to its tritium extraction facility at Savannah River Site in South Carolina. DOE reimburses TVA for the cost of providing the irradiation services and also pays TVA a fee for each tritium-producing rod that is irradiated. During the times the reactor does this, it must be fuelled with "unobligated" uranium, (uranium that is not legally or contractually restricted to peaceful use only, as most commercial reactor uranium is). Technology and equipment as well as the fuel used to produce it must be of U.S. origin.[17] Surrounding population The NRC defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.[18] The 2010 U.S. population within 10 miles (16 km) of Watts Bar was 18,452, an increase of 4.1 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) was 1,186,648, an increase of 12.8 percent since 2000.[19] Seismic riskThe NRC's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Watts Bar was 1 in 27,778, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.[20] The 2018 Southern Appalachian earthquake's epicenter was located two miles east of the facility. The TVA reported that their facilities are designed to withstand seismic events and were not impacted by the earthquake, but personnel would conduct further inspections as a precaution.[21][22][23] See also
Notes
References
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station.
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