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Yahya bey Dukagjini
Yahya bey Dukagjini (1488–1582; Turkish: Dukaginzâde Yahyâ bey or Turkish: Taşlıcalı Yahyâ bey, and Albanian: Jahja bej Dukagjini) was an Albanian poet and military figure. He is known for his Ottoman Turkish diwan poems of the 16th century.[1] In his youth, Dukagjini was recruited as a poet via the Ottomans' devşirme. He acted as a military figure, serving as a bölükbaşı. He participated in the 1514 Battle of Chaldiran, the 1516–17 Ottoman–Mamluk War, the Baghdad expedition of 1535, and the Siege of Szigetvár in 1566. Dukagjini was exiled after writing an elegy about Şehzade Mustafa, Suleiman the Magnificent's executed son. As a result, the murderer was discussed, Grand Vizier, Rüstem Pasha, exiled Dukagjini to the Balkans, where he spent the end of his life. Dukagjini is known for his originality in his poems, though he did plagiarise themes and ideas from Persian literature, he presented such ideas in his own form. LifeOriginsYahya was born in 1488 or 1489, though his exact location of birth is unknown, but he was born somewhere in Northern Albania. Turkish poet Muallim Naci gave him the nickname "Taşlicali".[2]: 354–355 A relative of the poet Dukaginzade Ahmed Bey,[3] he decided to become a poet when he was recruited as a devşirme.[3] Yahya was enlisted as a janissary. The Shihāb al-Dīn, gave him additional rights, allowing him to meet Kadri Efendy, Ibn Kemal, Nishandji Tadji-zade Dja'fer Çelebi, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, and İskender Çelebi.[3] Rise as a soldier and poetYahya Bey took part in the Battle of Chaldiran of 23 August 1514 during his youth, led by Sultan Selim I, as well as the Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–17 and Baghdad's expedition of 1535 under Sultan Suleiman. He earned the respect of major figures due to his poetry.[4] Yahya was inspired by where he spent most of his early years, in Ottoman campaigns.[5][6] Khayali Mehmed Bey was an enemy of Yahya,[7] another poet he met in 1536. He attacked Khayali Mehmed Bey satirically in his verses. Yahya wrote a qasida against him, giving it to the Sultan and Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha during the Persian campaign, who was declared as "enemy of the poets". Rustem Pasha was said to be so enthralled with the level of contempt towards Khayali, and made Yahya administrator of several foundations in Bursa and Istanbul.[3][4] Exile and last years In 1553, near Ereğli, Konya, Suleiman the Magnificent, whilst on a military campaign to Iran, had his son, Şehzade (Prince) Mustafa executed based on intelligence he had received. Yahya wrote an elegy named Şehzade Mersiyesi (Prince's Dirge) about the murder, which received good reviews by the public. However, the planner behind the murder, Rüstem Pasha, did not enjoy the poem. He summoned Yahya and asked how he "dared to bewail one whom the Sultan had condemned". Yahya responded "we indeed condemned him with the Sultan, but we bewailed him with the people".[8]
The Vizier did everything in his power get Yahya executed.[3] However, the Sultan prohibited his execution but agreed to remove him from his offices.[8] As a member of the askeri class, he apparently could not be left to starve.[9] Yahya went to exile back in the Balkans to escape persecution, and wrote satirical lament on Rustem Pasha after his death. The location where he was sent is disputed. According to some sources, he took over a fief near Zvornik in today's Bosnia and lived pretty well afterwards receiving a 27,000[3] or 30,000[9] akçe annual income.[5] Others point to Tamışvar, center of the Province of Temeşvar,[4] where he for sure fought at a certain point.[3] Though not young anymore, he took part together with his men at the siege of Szigetvar in 1565. There he wrote a qasida and presented it to Sultan Suleiman. There is no consensus for Yahya bey's year of death. Most sources pointing to 1582,[5][10] while others say 1575,[11] 1573 (982 in IC), 1578-79 (986 in IC), or 1582 (990).[3] His place of death also varies. Most sources indicate Loznica, Sanjak of Zvornik,[5] some Timișoara in Romania.[4] There are also claims that he was buried in Istanbul, while Bursalı Mehmet Tahir Bey and Muhamed Hadžijahić place also Loznica as place of death.[2]: 357 PoetryE.J.W.Gibb describes Yahya's poetry as just as interesting as his life was. Gibb praised Dukagjini as the one who won a position of real notability, over all non-Turks, Asiatics, and well as Europeans, who had attempted to write Turkish poetry. According to Gibb, there nothing in Dukagjini's language identifies him as a non-Constantinopolitan by birth or education. He added that there is a retained simplicity, vigor and originality in Dukagjini's writings.[8] Gibb claims the originality shows in his poem Yusuf ve Züleyha. The subject is from Persian literature, which was so ubiquitous at the time, it was considered a universal theme, however, he rejects Yahya as a paraphraser, as he tells the story on a manner of his own.[8] As he declares himself in the epilogue of Yusuf ve Züleyha:[b]
And also in Kitab-ı Usul's epilogue:
Dukagjini's main work is a vast diwan of poems and collection of five mesnevî poems. They lack the influence of Persian traditions,[4] being put together in a Khamsa ("five poems"). The khamsa is credited as the most important section in Yahya's work. His most noteworthy poems are Shâh u gedâ (The King and the Beggar), which Gibb claims was his favorite,[8] and which he says was written in one week, and Yusuf ve Züleyha (Yusuf and Züleyha), regarding the pure love and romance of two youths.[5][8] Whilst the first two poems of the khamse are mostly lyrical, the last three are derived from aphorisms on morality and the laws of life. Kitab-ı Usul is separated into 10 "stations" (maqām-s),: each attempting to instil moral qualities in reader, illustrated with anecdotes which demonstrate the pros of following certain moral paths. These anecdotes are descriptive, historic and fictitious, and are derived from an array of media. The following couplets are used as a refrain at the end of introductory cantos in most of the "stations", and elsewhere throughout the work:
Gül-i Şadberk (Rose of a Thousand Petals) is a poem about the Prophet Muhammed's miracles,[10] likely written when Yahya was of an old age, consisting of a pure religious tone. Gülşen-i Envar is divided into 40 short delimitations called "discourses".[8] His first two poems were published in diwan collections in Istanbul between 1867 and 1868.[12] Yahya's took insipration from Sufi poet Mevlevî (also known as Rumi, Mevlânâ, or Jalāl ad-Dīn, founder of Mevlevi Order). Mevlevi is cited in some of Yahya's works.[2]: 358 Yahya also wrote "Şehrengiz" (City Book), where he describes the cities of Edirne and Istanbul. WorksThe following is a list of Yahya bey Dukajini's works:[3]
Two additional poems are usually attributed to Dukagjini:[3]
LegacyA courageous soldier, Dukagjini is noted for acting as a type which admirably combined the sword with the pen. His independence merged with his courage was his most notable trait.[3] Yahya Bey is considered today as one of the greatest Ottoman diwan poets of the time.[1] In popular cultureYahya bey Dukagjini is depicted in the Turkish TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (The Magnificent Century), performed by Serkan Altunorak. Notes^ a: Prince Mustafa Elegy - verses 4-6. References
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