Share to:

 

Ziggy Stardust (character)

Ziggy Stardust
David Bowie performing as Ziggy Stardust at Newcastle City Hall in 1972
First appearance1972
Last appearanceOctober 1973[1]
Created byDavid Bowie
Portrayed byDavid Bowie
In-universe information
SpeciesAlien
GenderAndrogynous
OccupationRock star

Ziggy Stardust is a fictional character created by English musician David Bowie, and was Bowie's stage persona during 1972 and 1973. The eponymous character of the song "Ziggy Stardust" and its parent album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972), Ziggy Stardust was retained for Bowie's subsequent concert tour through the United Kingdom, Japan and North America, during which Bowie performed as the character backed by his band The Spiders from Mars. Bowie continued the character in his next album Aladdin Sane (1973), which he described as "Ziggy goes to America". Bowie retired the character in October 1973 after one final show at The Marquee in London.[1]

As conveyed in the title song and album, Ziggy Stardust is an androgynous, alien rock star who came to Earth before an impending apocalyptic disaster to deliver a message of hope. After accumulating a large following of fans and being worshipped as a messiah, Ziggy eventually dies as a victim of his own fame and excess. The character was meant to symbolise an over-the-top, sexually liberated rock star and serve as a commentary on a society in which celebrities are worshipped. Influences for the character included English singer Vince Taylor, Texan musician the Legendary Stardust Cowboy, and Japanese kabuki theatre.

Ziggy Stardust's exuberant fashion made the character and Bowie himself staples in the glam rock repertoire well into the 1970s, defining what the genre would become. The success of the character and its iconic look flung Bowie into international superstardom. Rolling Stone wrote that Bowie's Ziggy Stardust was "the alter ego that changed music forever and sent his career into orbit".[2]

Ziggy Stardust's look and message of youth liberation are now representative of one of Bowie's most memorable eras. The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars became Bowie's second most popular album in terms of record sales.[3]

Fictional narrative

"'Ziggy' was my Martian messiah who twanged a guitar. He was a simplistic character. I saw him as very simple ... fairly like the character Newton I was to do in the film [The Man Who Fell to Earth] later on. Someone who dropped down here, got brought down to our way of thinking, and ended up destroying his own self. Which is a pretty archetype story line."

— Bowie on the character.[4]

Bowie explained that the character of Ziggy Stardust was conceived as an alien rock star who arrives on an Earth that is dying due to a lack of natural resources. Around the world older people have lost touch with reality, while children have adopted a hedonistic way of life and no longer want rock music, as there is no electricity to play it. Ziggy is advised in a dream by the infinites ("black-hole jumpers") to write about the coming of a starman who will save the earth. Ziggy's tale of the starman is the first news of hope that the people have heard, so they latch onto it immediately. Ziggy soon gathers a large following and is worshipped as a prophet. According to Bowie, "He takes himself up to incredible spiritual heights and is kept alive by his disciples." The infinites eventually arrive, and tear Ziggy apart onstage.[5]

Much of the Ziggy Stardust story is told in the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, or appears in Bowie's writings as plans for a never-realised theatrical performance of the narrative.[6] Various songs on the album are written from the viewpoints of different characters.[7] On the album, the Ziggy Stardust character is introduced directly on the third track, "Moonage Daydream".[8] However, the song "Ziggy Stardust" is the central piece of the narrative of the album, presenting a complete "birth-to-death chronology" of the character.[9] "Starman" is Ziggy's song prophesying the coming starman who will save the earth.[5] According to author Michael Luckman, the song "Lady Stardust" presents Ziggy meeting his disciples, playing before a crowd of worshippers, followed by "Star", in which he "reveal[s] his plan for intergalactic superstardom".[10] Ziggy is torn apart onstage during the song "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide".[5] The song "Sweet Head", recorded during the Ziggy/Hunky Dory sessions, reference Ziggy directly as well, but the song was left off the album and went unreleased until 1989.[11]

The character was revisited by Bowie in his next album Aladdin Sane (1973), which topped the UK chart, and was his first number-one album. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America", it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the US during the earlier part of the Ziggy Stardust Tour.[12][13]

Origins

The character was inspired by English rock 'n' roll singer Vince Taylor, whom Bowie met after Taylor had a breakdown and believed himself to be a cross between a god and an alien.[14][15] Bowie's lyrical allusions to Taylor include identifying Ziggy as a "leper messiah".[16] Taylor was only part of the character's blueprint.[17] In the 1960s Bowie had seen Gene Vincent performing live wearing a leg-brace after a car accident, and observed: "It meant that to crouch at the mike, as was his habit, [Vincent] had to shove his injured leg out behind him to, what I thought, great theatrical effect. This rock stance became position number one for the embryonic Ziggy."[18][19]

Bowie biographers also propose that Bowie developed the concept of Ziggy as a melding of the persona of Iggy Pop with the music of Lou Reed during a visit to the US in 1971.[20][21] A girlfriend recalled his "scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character "who looks like he's landed from Mars".[22]

Bowie stated that with Ziggy Stardust, "I wanted to define the archetype messiah rockstar. That's all I wanted to do. I used the trappings of kabuki theatre, mime technique, fringe New York music." One of his main references was The Velvet Underground.[7] Bowie stated that Ziggy is meant to be an alien of some kind,[23] possibly a Martian,[4] and was based "very much on a Japanese concept". The character's Japanese influences provided a human connection, Bowie explained, as in Britain during the early 1970s Japan "still seemed like an alien society, but it was a human alien society."[23] Bowie also stated that Ziggy Stardust was a product of his career-long ambition to combine rock music and theatre,[24][25] and that at the time of creating the character he had viewed Ziggy as "a very positive artistic statement ... a grand kitsch painting. The whole guy."[26]

Bowie asserted elsewhere that Ziggy Stardust was born out of a desire to move away from the denim and hippies of the 1960s.[27] Along these lines, some critics assert that Bowie's artificial concoction of a rock star persona was a symbolic critique of the artificiality seen in the rock world of the time.[28] Bowie had previously created artificial stage personas in 1970 with his backing band Hype. Over a small series of shows which, while poorly received at the time, are now credited as the origin of glam rock,[29] the band performed in flamboyant costumes, each with an accompanying persona of a spoof superhero. Bowie, dressed in a blue cape, lurex tights, thigh boots and a leotard with colourful scarves sewn onto his shirt, was "Rainbowman".[29][30] Describing his costume as "very spacey", he later explained that his idea for the outfits was to counter the popular image of rock acts at the time, which was "all jeans and long hair".[30] The concept behind Rainbowman was recycled and reinvented as Ziggy Stardust.[31]

Name

Bowie told Rolling Stone that the name "Ziggy" was "one of the few Christian names [he] could find beginning with the letter 'Z'".[32] He later explained in a 1990 interview for Q magazine that the Ziggy part came from a tailor's shop called Ziggy's that he passed on a train, and he liked it because it had "that Iggy [Pop] connotation but it was a tailor's shop, and I thought, Well, this whole thing is gonna be about clothes, so it was my own little joke calling him Ziggy. So Ziggy Stardust was a real compilation of things."[33][34] "Stardust" came from the Legendary Stardust Cowboy, the stage name of singer Norman Carl Odam,[33][35] whose music intrigued Bowie.[36][37]

Appearance

A sequinned jumpsuit, one of the costumes designed by Kansai Yamamoto for Ziggy Stardust[38][39]

Hair

As Ziggy Stardust, Bowie had a bright red mullet.[40] The hairstyle was inspired by that of a model for Japanese designer Kansai Yamamoto that Bowie had seen in Honey magazine,[41] and modelled on three different images from Vogue—a French issue inspired the front of the haircut, while the sides and back came from two different German copies.[42] Bowie's mullet was cut and dyed by hairdresser Suzi Fussey, who accompanied the Ziggy Stardust tour until 1973.[43] Fussey initially cut Bowie's hair in the style in January 1972,[44] and after experimenting with colour treatments on samples of Bowie's hair, dyed it a flaming red colour;[43] Bowie recalled the dye colour was "Schwartzkopf red".[44] The dye contained 30 volume peroxide which gave Bowie's hair some lift, but Fussey then used an anti-dandruff treatment called Gard to help stiffen it and make it stand upright.[45] The haircut achieved widespread mainstream success in popular fashion, as Bowie himself stated in 1993, "[The Ziggy cut] became to hairdressing in the early seventies, what the Lady Di cut was for the early eighties. Only with double the appeal, because it worked for both sexes."[46]

Clothing

Stage outfits for Ziggy Stardust designed by Freddie Burretti in 1972

Long and slender, Ziggy was dressed in glamorous outfits often with flared legs and shoulders, and an open chest.[40]

On the cover of The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, Bowie appeared in a green suit of his own design, made by his tailor friend Freddie Burretti and seamstress Sue Frost. Produced in a geometric-patterned fabric, representing an integrated circuit, the bomber jacket and matching cuffed trousers were worn with knee-high, lace-up boots designed by Stan Miller. Similar outfits were made for Bowie's backing band The Spiders From Mars;[41] these costumes worn in early live performances were based on those sported by the Droogs in Stanley Kubrick's film A Clockwork Orange. Bowie explained, "I wanted to take the hardness and violence of those Clockwork Orange outfits—the trousers tucked into big boots and the codpiece things—and soften them up by using the most ridiculous fabrics. It was a Dada thing—this extreme ultraviolence in Liberty fabrics." In addition to his green suit, Bowie's costumes for early concerts were white satin trousers with a flock-patterned jacket, and a multi-coloured jumpsuit that he also wore on Top of the Pops.[47]

By August 1972, Bowie was introducing Kansai Yamamoto's designs as stage wear for the Ziggy character,[41] lent to him by Yamamoto's stylist friend, Yasuko Hayashi.[38][48] Bowie commissioned Yamamoto to design his 1973 U.K. tour costuming, and subsequently the U.S. tour costuming for the Aladdin Sane shows.[39] In total, seven costumes were designed for Ziggy Stardust by Yamamoto.[49] The collection he provided Bowie in April 1973 included a white robe with "David Bowie" written in Japanese, a silver leotard hung with a floor-length fringe of glass beads, a striped spandex bodystocking, and a multi-coloured kimono that could be torn away to reveal a red loincloth.[50] Many of Yamamoto's stage wear designs for Bowie were "tear-away" outfits, influenced by hikinuki, the method of changing costumes quickly in kabuki theatre.[39][48]

Makeup

An example of traditional Japanese kabuki makeup

The character had pale skin, described by Bowie as a "snow-white tan".[51] Following the instruction Yamamoto gave to his models,[41] Bowie shaved off his eyebrows in late 1972, adding to Ziggy's alien visage.[52] On Ziggy's forehead was a gold "astral sphere" suggested by make-up artist Pierre La Roche (who also applied the lightning flash to Bowie's face for the cover of Aladdin Sane).[42] When the Ziggy Stardust tour came to Japan in April 1973, Bowie met the kabuki theatre star Bando Tamasaburo, who taught him about traditional Japanese makeup techniques.[50] In a 1973 Mirabelle magazine article, La Roche explained that Bowie bought most of his make-up from a shop in Rome but acquired his "white rice powder" from "Tokyo's Woolworth's equivalent". Bowie used a "German gold base in cake form" for the sphere, and would occasionally "outline that gold circle with tiny gold rhinestones, stuck on with eyelash glue".[42]

By the end of the Ziggy Stardust period in 1973, Bowie would spend at least two hours before each concert to have his makeup done.[42] According to La Roche, for his last few English concerts, Bowie painted tiny lightning streaks on his cheek and upper leg.[53]

Cultural impact

"I wasn't at all surprised 'Ziggy Stardust' made my career. I packaged a totally credible plastic rock star."[54]

– David Bowie, in an interview with Rolling Stone

By the time Bowie returned to Britain for the final leg of the Ziggy Stardust tour in May 1973 following the release of Aladdin Sane, he had become the biggest English rock star since the Beatles almost a decade earlier,[55] in terms of concert and record sales.[56][57] Crowd reactions to Bowie during the Ziggy Stardust period have been likened to Beatlemania,[58] and the character's stardom as the height of his popularity dubbed "Ziggymania".[59][2] Rolling Stone described Ziggy Stardust as "the ultimate rock star": "He's a wild, hedonistic figure ... but at his core communicates peace and love".[2]

Influencing the glam rock genre and fashion wave,[60] Bowie as Ziggy Stardust became one of the most iconic images of rock history[61] and pop culture.[62] The Washington Post wrote, "He was not only glam's principal architect, he was its most beautiful specimen."[61] Ziggy Stardust helped to popularise the mullet in the 1970s, though the hairstyle was still without a name at the time.[63] The "Ziggy" cut marked an "era-defining grooming change" as it went against the typical fashion of natural, long haircuts for men at the time and was also suited to either sex. GQ wrote that the "Ziggy" cut "remains one of the boldest and most stylish haircuts in history, from the way it spiked up on top and swooped down to a sort of mullet – but way cooler than a mullet – finish."[45]

Retirement

By July 1973, Bowie had been touring as Ziggy for 18 months.[50] Due to the intense nature of his touring life, Bowie felt as though maintaining the Ziggy persona was affecting his own personality and sanity too much; acting the same role over an extended period, it became difficult for him to separate Ziggy Stardust from his own character offstage.[a] Bowie was also beginning to reach a point of creative boredom and felt that he could no longer perform Ziggy with the same enthusiasm.[b] There were also practical reasons behind his decision to retire the character: Bowie's record company RCA refused to finance a third large US tour due to Bowie's management overspending in excess of $300,000 during the 1972 and 1973 tours, as well as disappointing record sales in the US.[50]

Bowie retired Ziggy Stardust during a live concert on 3 July 1973, at London's Hammersmith Odeon in front of 3,500 fans. The concert featured an 18-song set, with Jeff Beck joining the band for a medley of "The Jean Genie" and The Beatles' "Love Me Do".[67] Just before the final song of the concert, "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide",[68] Bowie announced, "Of all the shows on this tour, this particular show will remain with us the longest, because not only is it the last show of the tour, but it's the last show that we'll ever do." The fans and press took this to mean that Bowie was retiring entirely, causing much media attention. However, it only referred to the Ziggy Stardust persona and the Spiders from Mars backing band.[67][69]

The final Ziggy concert was filmed by D. A. Pennebaker and released in 1979 as the documentary Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars[68] and the audio on the live album Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture (released in 1983).[70]

Legacy

The plaque on Heddon Street marking Bowie's album cover shoot

Ziggy Stardust is widely considered Bowie's greatest creation.[61][71]

In 2012, a plaque was unveiled by the Crown Estate at the site at which the iconic Ziggy Stardust album cover photograph was taken by Brian Ward on Heddon Street, London.[72] The unveiling was attended by original Spiders from Mars band members Woody Woodmansey and Trevor Bolder, and was unveiled by Gary Kemp.[73] The plaque was the first to be installed by the Crown Estate and is one of the few plaques in the country devoted to fictional characters.[72] In 2018, a statue depicting a mature Bowie looking at his younger self as Ziggy Stardust was unveiled in Aylesbury, the town where Bowie debuted the character in 1972.[74][75] The statue stands in Aylesbury's Market Square,[75] which Bowie referenced in "Five Years", the opening song of The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders from Mars album.[76]

In 2015, the African butterfly species Bicyclus sigiussidorum was named after the character due to its "glammy" appearance.[77] (Sigiussidorum is a Latin rendering of "Ziggy Stardust".)[78]

Street art depicting Ziggy Stardust
Warsaw, Poland[79]
Brixton, U.K.[80]
Salamanca, Spain[81]

Music

Film and television

  • Fictional pop star Brian Slade and his space-age alter ego Maxwell Demon in the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine were based on Bowie in his Ziggy Stardust period,[85] though Bowie would dissociate himself from the film.[86]
  • In the 1999 comedy special Golden Years, Ricky Gervais plays a Bowie impersonator named Clive Meadows who arrives at a business meeting as Ziggy Stardust.[87]
  • In the sixth episode of the 2007 sitcom Flight of the Conchords, the character Brett (Bret McKenzie) is visited by a dream version of Ziggy Stardust, among several other of Bowie's personas.[88]
  • The character of "Ziggy Stardust" in full costume appears in Zack Snyder's Watchmen.[89]
  • "Artie" (played by John McCrea) in the 2021 film Cruella was inspired by the character.[90]
  • In season 2 episode 4 of Big Little Lies the character of Ziggy dresses up as Ziggy Stardust. Ziggy Stardust is also mentioned by name in the season 1 premiere.[91][92]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bowie: "It was quite easy to become obsessed night and day with the character. I became Ziggy Stardust. David Bowie went totally out the window. Everybody was convincing me that I was a messiah ... I got hopelessly lost in the fantasy."[64] "My whole personality was affected ... I thought I might as well take Ziggy to interviews as well. Why leave him on stage? Looking back it was very absurd. It became very dangerous. I really did have doubts about my sanity."[26][65]
  2. ^ Bowie: "I had an awful lot of fun doing [Ziggy] ... but my performance on stage reached a peak. I felt I couldn't go on stage in the same context again ... if I'm tired with what I'm doing wouldn't it be long before the audience realised."[66]

References

  1. ^ a b Taylor, Trey (2017-11-20). "See Terry O'Neill's rare images of David Bowie's last show as Ziggy Stardust". Interview Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  2. ^ a b c Light, Alan (2016). "'Ziggy Stardust': How Bowie Created the Alter Ego That Changed Rock". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  3. ^ Dee, Johnny (7 January 2012). "David Bowie: Infomania". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  4. ^ a b Morse (1998), p. 100
  5. ^ a b c Copetas, Craig (28 February 1974). "Beat Godfather Meets Glitter Mainman: William Burroughs Interviews David Bowie". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  6. ^ Archived from "Frequently Asked Questions". The Ziggy Stardust Companion. 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  7. ^ a b David Bowie Explains Ziggy Stardust (YouTube). CBC News: The National. 12 January 2016.
  8. ^ Pegg (2016), p. 327
  9. ^ Doggett (2012), p. 121
  10. ^ Luckman (2010), p. 83
  11. ^ Pegg (2016), p. 275
  12. ^ Buckley (2005), p. 157
  13. ^ Sandford (1997), pp. 108
  14. ^ "BBC Radio 4 Programmes – Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  15. ^ "The Leper Messiah: Vince Taylor". David Bowie Official. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  16. ^ Pegg (2016), p. 573
  17. ^ Mahoney, Elisabeth (20 August 2010). "Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth – review". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  18. ^ Pegg (2016), "Hang On To Yourself" in chapt. The Songs From A to Z.
  19. ^ "Vincent, Gene". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  20. ^ Sandford (1997), pp. 73–74
  21. ^ Pegg (2016), p. 619
  22. ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 73–74.
  23. ^ a b Kerry O'Brien (16 February 2004). "David Bowie reflects on his career". The 7:30 Report. ABC Television.
  24. ^ Vera Kvaal (1990). "David Bowie – in his own eyes". In your own eyes. NRK.
  25. ^ David Bowie on Surrealism, Dreams & Acting: MTV Full 1987 Interview (YouTube). MTV News. 11 January 2017.
  26. ^ a b Jones, Allan (29 October 1977). "Goodbye To Ziggy And All That". Melody Maker. Retrieved 13 September 2020 – via Bowie Golden Years.
  27. ^ "David Bowie On The Ziggy Stardust Years: 'We Were Creating The 21st Century In 1971'". NPR. 19 September 2003. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  28. ^ McLeod, Ken. "Space Oddities: Aliens, Futurism and Meaning in Popular Music". Popular Music. Vol. 22. JSTOR 3877579.
  29. ^ a b Hughes, Rob (20 December 2014). "David Bowie: The Gig That Invented Glam". Louder Sound. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  30. ^ a b Chapman (2020), p. 129
  31. ^ Chapman (2020), p. 179
  32. ^ "11–14". The Observer. 20 June 2004. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  33. ^ a b Campbell (2005), p. 294
  34. ^ Du Noyer, Paul (25 August 2009). "David Bowie interview by Paul Du Noyer 1990". Paul Du Noyer. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  35. ^ Kot, Greg (12 January 2016). "Space oddities: David Bowie's hidden influences". BBC. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  36. ^ Buckley (2005), pp. 110–111
  37. ^ Philo (2018), p. 59
  38. ^ a b Ferrier, Morwenna (11 January 2016). "David Bowie: five defining looks – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  39. ^ a b c Thian, Helene M. (2013). "For David Bowie, Japanese style was more than just fashion". The Japan Times. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  40. ^ a b Zanetta & Edwards (1986), p. 112
  41. ^ a b c d Gorman, Paul (4 August 2015). "David Bowie: his style story, 1972-1973". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  42. ^ a b c d Harris (2010), pp. 194-195
  43. ^ a b Zara, Christopher (17 January 2016). "The Story Behind David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust Haircut, A Radical Red Revolution". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  44. ^ a b "Celebrating David Bowie And The Beckenham Arts Lab". davidbowie.com. 26 November 2001. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021. Bowie: "Schwartzkopf red was the colour. I had [Fussey] cut my hair short in early January 1972. No dye. Layed flatish. I believe that it went red and stood up between the 20th and 25th of January 1972."
  45. ^ a b Fearon, Faye (21 March 2020). "In praise of David Bowie's iconic Ziggy Stardust haircut". GQ. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  46. ^ "The Ziggy Stardust Haircut". The Ziggy Stardust Companion. 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  47. ^ Pegg (2016), "The Ziggy Stardust Tour (UK)" in chapt. Live
  48. ^ a b Panisch, Alex (2016). "5 Things We Learned From Kansai Yamamoto, David Bowie's Costume Designer". Out. Pride Media. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  49. ^ Dellas, Mary (2018). "Dressing David Bowie As 'Ziggy Stardust'". The Cut. Vox Media, Inc. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  50. ^ a b c d Pegg (2016), "The 1973 Ziggy Stardust Tour (aka The Aladdin Sane Tour)" in chapt. Live
  51. ^ Pegg (2016), p. 573
  52. ^ Pegg (2016), "The Ziggy Stardust Tour (US)" in chapt. Live
  53. ^ Archived from "David Bowie, Ziggy Stardust Style". The Blitz Kids. 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  54. ^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  55. ^ James Hale (director) (2012). David Bowie and the Story of Ziggy Stardust (Documentary). BBC.
  56. ^ Zanetta & Edwards (1986), p. 208
  57. ^ Hendler (2020), pp. 11-12
  58. ^ Howard, Tom (11 January 2016). "Starman! – The Story Of Bowie's Ziggy Stardust". NME. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  59. ^ Savage, Jon (9 March 2013). "When Bowie met Burroughs". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  60. ^ Bowie (1980), p. 31
  61. ^ a b c Harrington, Richard (9 June 2009). "30 Years On, 'Ziggy Stardust' Rises Again". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  62. ^ Donoughue, Paul (11 January 2016). "David Bowie: The many faces of the glam rock icon". ABC News. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  63. ^ Lunn, Oliver (17 June 2019). "A Brief History of the Mullet". Dazed. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  64. ^ Greene, Andy (2016). "David Bowie: 7 Wild Quotes From the 'Station to Station' Era". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  65. ^ Jones (2012), p. 171
  66. ^ Miles (1980), p. 54
  67. ^ a b Gallucci, Michael (2016). "When David Bowie Abruptly Retired Ziggy Stardust". Ultimate Classic Rock. Townsquare Media, Inc. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  68. ^ a b James, David E. (13 February 2016). "The many deaths of David Bowie". OUPBlog. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  69. ^ Greene, Andy (22 November 2012). "Flashback: Ziggy Stardust Commits 'Rock and Roll Suicide' at Final Gig". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  70. ^ Pegg (2016), "Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture" in chapt. The Albums.
  71. ^ "David Bowie". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  72. ^ a b Sillito, David (2012). "Site of Ziggy Stardust album cover shoot marked with plaque". BBC News Online. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  73. ^ Press Association (27 March 2012). "David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust album marked with blue plaque". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  74. ^ Gaca, Anna (27 March 2018). "David Bowie Statue Unveiled in English Town Where Ziggy Stardust Debuted". Billboard. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  75. ^ a b "Musical David Bowie statue unveiled in Aylesbury". BBC News. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  76. ^ "Aylesbury's David Bowie statue 'will sing on the hour'". BBC News. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  77. ^ Brattström, Oskar; Aduse-Poku, Kwaku; Collins, Steve C.; Di Micco De Santo, Teresa; Brakefield, Paul M. (2016). "Revision of theBicyclus sciathisspecies group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with descriptions of four new species and corrected distributional records". Systematic Entomology. 41 (1): 207–228. doi:10.1111/syen.12150. ISSN 0307-6970. PMC 4810357. PMID 27076698.
  78. ^ Pegg (2016), "And Many Other Last Names" in chapt. Aprocrypha and Miscellany.
  79. ^ "Warsaw Pays Tribute to David Bowie with Huge Mural". Culture.pl. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  80. ^ Lordan, Robert (12 January 2016). "David Bowie's London: 13 places connected to the star's life and career". Time Out. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  81. ^ Felix, Lira (17 January 2016). "Homenaje a David Bowie en Salamanca" [Tribute to David Bowie in Salamanca]. La Crónica de Salamanca (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  82. ^ Jervis-Bardy, Dan (17 October 2016). "Street art busting into mainstream, and on to Adelaide's walls". The Advertiser. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  83. ^ a b c d Pegg (2016), "Don't Think You Knew You Were In This Song" in chapt. Aprocrypha and Miscellany.
  84. ^ Wiederhorn, John (2018). "'Mechanical Animals': 10 Things You Didn't Know Marilyn [sic] Manson's Great Glam Album". Revolver Mag. Project M Group LLC. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  85. ^ Harrington, Richard (6 November 1998). "Gone Glam Digging". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  86. ^ Pegg (2016), "Watch That Man" in chapt. Aprocrypha and Miscellany.
  87. ^ Ess, Ramsey (29 May 2019). "Before The Office, There Was Golden Years". Vulture. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  88. ^ Cobb, Kayla (11 January 2016). "'Flight Of The Conchords' Gave One Of The Greatest Celebrations Of David Bowie's Life". Decider. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  89. ^ Pegg, Nicholas. The Complete David Bowie. p. 620.
  90. ^ "Artie In Cruella: David Bowie Homage Explained". Screen Rant. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  91. ^ "OVERNIGHTS FEB. 19, 2017 Big Little Lies Season-Premiere Recap: Murder, Mean Girls, and Monterey". vulture.com.
  92. ^ "Big Little Lies Season 2 Episode 4 Review: She Knows". Den of Geek.

Sources
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya