Discurso de renuncia de Richard Nixon

Discurso de renuncia de Richard Nixon
El presidente Richard Nixon dando su discurso de renuncia en 1974.
Localización
País	Estados Unidos
Localidad	Casa Blanca
Datos generales
Tipo	discurso
Causa	escándalo Watergate
Histórico
Fecha	8 de agosto de 1974
Duración	16 minutos
[editar datos en Wikidata]

El presidente Richard Nixon pronunció un discurso ante el público estadounidense desde la Oficina Oval el 8 de agosto de 1974, para anunciar su renuncia a la presidencia debido al escándalo Watergate.

La renuncia de Nixon fue la culminación de lo que llamó en su discurso el «largo y difícil período de Watergate», un escándalo político federal de la década de 1970 derivado del allanamiento de la sede del Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC) en el edificio de oficinas de Watergate por parte de cinco hombres durante las elecciones presidenciales de 1972 y los posteriores intentos de la administración Nixon de encubrir su participación en el crimen. Nixon finalmente perdió gran parte de su apoyo político y popular como resultado del Watergate. En el momento de su dimisión al día siguiente, Nixon se enfrentaba casi con certeza a un juicio político y a su destitución.^[1]​

Según su discurso, Nixon dijo que renunciaba porque «he llegado a la conclusión de que debido al asunto Watergate podría no tener el apoyo del Congreso que consideraría necesario para respaldar las decisiones tan difíciles y llevar a cabo las tareas de esta oficina en como lo requieran los intereses de la nación». Nixon también expresó su esperanza de que, al dimitir «habría acelerado el inicio de ese proceso de curación que tanto se necesita en Estados Unidos». Nixon reconoció que algunos de sus juicios «estuvieron equivocados» y expresó su arrepentimiento, diciendo: «Lamento profundamente cualquier daño que se pueda haber causado en el curso de los acontecimientos que llevaron a esta decisión». Sin embargo, no hizo mención explícita de los artículos de acusación pendientes en su contra.^[2]​

A la mañana siguiente, el 9 de agosto, Nixon presentó una carta de renuncia firmada al secretario de Estado Henry Kissinger, convirtiéndose en el único presidente estadounidense en dimitir de su cargo. El vicepresidente Gerald Ford asumió la presidencia tras la dimisión de Nixon.^[3]​

Con la publicación, el 5 de agosto de 1974, de varias conversaciones grabadas en la Oficina Oval, una de las cuales era la cinta «pistola humeante» (smoking gun tape, en inglés), grabada poco después del robo, y que demostraba que a Richard Nixon le habían informado de la conexión de la Casa Blanca con los robos de Watergate poco después de que ocurrieron, y habían aprobado planes para frustrar la investigación, el apoyo popular de Nixon casi se evaporó,^[4]​ y su apoyo político colapsó.

Nixon se reunió con líderes republicanos del Congreso dos días después y le dijeron que enfrentaría un juicio político seguro en la Cámara y la posterior destitución de su cargo en el Senado. Esa noche, sabiendo que su presidencia efectivamente había terminado, Nixon tomó la decisión de renunciar.^[5]​ ^[6]​

El redactor de discursos del presidente, Raymond K. Price, redactó el discurso de dimisión.^[5]​ Fue pronunciado la tarde del 8 de agosto de 1974 desde la Oficina Oval y transmitido en vivo por radio y televisión.^[6]​

Jack Nelson, de Los Angeles Times, escribió que el discurso de Nixon «eligió mirar hacia adelante» en lugar de centrarse en su mandato.^[7]​ Este atributo del discurso coincide con la definición de retórica sofista de John Poulakos en Hacia una definición sofística de la retórica, porque Nixon cumplió con el criterio de «[buscar] capturar lo que era posible»^[8]​ en lugar de reflexionar sobre su mandato.

En el periódico británico The Times, el artículo El Sr. Nixon dimite como presidente en este día, Fred Emery adoptó una postura más negativa sobre el discurso, caracterizando la disculpa de Nixon como «superficial» y atacando la definición de Nixon de lo que significaba cumplir un mandato presidencial completo. Emery sugiere que la definición de Nixon de un mandato presidencial completo como «hasta que el presidente pierda apoyo en el Congreso» implica que Nixon sabía que no ganaría su inminente juicio político y estaba usando esta definición para escapar rápidamente del cargo.^[9]​

En su libro Nixon: Ruin and Recovery 1973–1990, Stephen Ambrose encuentra que la respuesta de los medios estadounidenses al discurso de Nixon fue en general favorable. Este libro cita a Roger Mudd de CBS News como ejemplo de alguien a quien no le gustó el discurso. Mudd señaló que Nixon reformuló su discurso de renuncia para resaltar sus logros en lugar de disculparse por el escándalo Watergate.^[10]​

En 1999, se pidió a 137 estudiosos de la oratoria estadounidense que recomendaran discursos para su inclusión en una lista de «los 100 mejores discursos políticos estadounidenses del siglo XX», basada en «el impacto social y político y el arte retórico». El discurso de renuncia de Nixon lo colocaron en el puesto 39 de la lista.^[11]​

Good evening. This is the 37th time I have spoken to you from this office, where so many decisions have been made that shaped the history of this Nation. Each time I have done so to discuss with you some matter that I believe affected the national interest.

In all the decisions I have made in my public life, I have always tried to do what was best for the Nation. Throughout the long and difficult period of Watergate, I have felt it was my duty to persevere, to make every possible effort to complete the term of office to which you elected me.

In the past few days, however, it has become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that effort. As long as there was such a base, I felt strongly that it was necessary to see the constitutional process through to its conclusion, that to do otherwise would be unfaithful to the spirit of that deliberately difficult process and a dangerously destabilizing precedent for the future.

But with the disappearance of that base, I now believe that the constitutional purpose has been served, and there is no longer a need for the process to be prolonged.

I would have preferred to carry through to the finish whatever the personal agony it would have involved, and my family unanimously urged me to do so. But the interest of the Nation must always come before any personal considerations.

From the discussions I have had with Congressional and other leaders, I have concluded that because of the Watergate matter I might not have the support of the Congress that I would consider necessary to back the very difficult decisions and carry out the duties of this office in the way the interests of the Nation would require.

I have never been a quitter. To leave office before my term is completed is abhorrent to every instinct in my body. But as President, I must put the interest of America first.

America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress, particularly at this time with problems we face at home and abroad.

To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home.

Therefore, I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow. Vice President Ford will be sworn in as President at that hour in this office.

As I recall the high hopes for America with which we began this second term, I feel a great sadness that I will not be here in this office working on your behalf to achieve those hopes in the next 2 1/2 years. But in turning over direction of the Government to Vice President Ford, I know, as I told the Nation when I nominated him for that office 10 months ago, that the leadership of America will be in good hands.

In passing this office to the Vice President, I also do so with the profound sense of the weight of responsibility that will fall on his shoulders tomorrow and, therefore, of the understanding, the patience, the cooperation he will need from all Americans.

As he assumes that responsibility, he will deserve the help and the support of all of us. As we look to the future, the first essential is to begin healing the wounds of this Nation, to put the bitterness and divisions of the recent past behind us, and to rediscover those shared ideals that lie at the heart of our strength and unity as a great and as a free people.

By taking this action, I hope that I will have hastened the start of that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America.

I regret deeply any injuries that may have been done in the course of the events that led to this decision. I would say only that if some of my judgments were wrong, and some were wrong, they were made in what I believed at the time to be the best interest of the Nation.

To those who have stood with me during these past difficult months, to my family, my friends, to many others who joined in supporting my cause because they believed it was right, I will be eternally grateful for your support.

And to those who have not felt able to give me your support, let me say I leave with no bitterness toward those who have opposed me, because all of us, in the final analysis, have been concerned with the good of the country, however our judgments might differ.

So, let us all now join together in affirming that common commitment and in helping our new President succeed for the benefit of all Americans.

I shall leave this office with regret at not completing my term, but with gratitude for the privilege of serving as your President for the past 5 1/2 years. These years have been a momentous time in the history of our Nation and the world. They have been a time of achievement in which we can all be proud, achievements that represent the shared efforts of the Administration, the Congress, and the people.

But the challenges ahead are equally great, and they, too, will require the support and the efforts of the Congress and the people working in cooperation with the new Administration.

We have ended America's longest war, but in the work of securing a lasting peace in the world, the goals ahead are even more far-reaching and more difficult. We must complete a structure of peace so that it will be said of this generation, our generation of Americans, by the people of all nations, not only that we ended one war but that we prevented future wars.

We have unlocked the doors that for a quarter of a century stood between the United States and the People's Republic of China.

We must now ensure that the one quarter of the world's people who live in the People's Republic of China will be and remain not our enemies but our friends.

In the Middle East, 100 million people in the Arab countries, many of whom have considered us their enemy for nearly 20 years, now look on us as their friends. We must continue to build on that friendship so that peace can settle at last over the Middle East and so that the cradle of civilization will not become its grave.

Together with the Soviet Union we have made the crucial breakthroughs that have begun the process of limiting nuclear arms. But we must set as our goal not just limiting but reducing and finally destroying these terrible weapons so that they cannot destroy civilization and so that the threat of nuclear war will no longer hang over the world and the people.

We have opened the new relation with the Soviet Union. We must continue to develop and expand that new relationship so that the two strongest nations of the world will live together in cooperation rather than confrontation.

Around the world, in Asia, in Africa, in Latin America, in the Middle East, there are millions of people who live in terrible poverty, even starvation. We must keep as our goal turning away from production for war and expanding production for peace so that people everywhere on this earth can at last look forward in their children's time, if not in our own time, to having the necessities for a decent life.

Here in America, we are fortunate that most of our people have not only the blessings of liberty but also the means to live full and good and, by the world's standards, even abundant lives. We must press on, however, toward a goal of not only more and better jobs but of full opportunity for every American and of what we are striving so hard right now to achieve, prosperity without inflation.

For more than a quarter of a century in public life I have shared in the turbulent history of this era. I have fought for what I believed in. I have tried to the best of my ability to discharge those duties and meet those responsibilities that were entrusted to me.

Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed, but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena, "whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming, but who does actually strive to do the deed, who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly."

I pledge to you tonight that as long as I have a breath of life in my body, I shall continue in that spirit. I shall continue to work for the great causes to which I have been dedicated throughout my years as a Congressman, a Senator, a Vice President, and President, the cause of peace not just for America but among all nations, prosperity, justice, and opportunity for all of our people.

There is one cause above all to which I have been devoted and to which I shall always be devoted for as long as I live.

When I first took the oath of office as President 5 1/2 years ago, I made this sacred commitment, to "consecrate my office, my energies, and all the wisdom I can summon to the cause of peace among nations."

I have done my very best in all the days since to be true to that pledge. As a result of these efforts, I am confident that the world is a safer place today, not only for the people of America but for the people of all nations, and that all of our children have a better chance than before of living in peace rather than dying in war.

This, more than anything, is what I hoped to achieve when I sought the Presidency. This, more than anything, is what I hope will be my legacy to you, to our country, as I leave the Presidency.

To have served in this office is to have felt a very personal sense of kinship with each and every American. In leaving it, I do so with this prayer: May God's grace be with you in all the days ahead.^[12]​

Posteriormente el presidente Gerald Ford indultó a Richard Nixon.

• Discurso de renuncia del presidente Nixon, Fundación Richard Nixon.
• Transcripción completa y audio del discurso de renuncia del presidente Nixon en AmericanRhetoric.com.
• Carta de renuncia de Richard Nixon e indulto de Gerald Ford, Fundación de Archivos Nacionales.
• Esta obra contiene una traducción derivada de «Richard Nixon's resignation speech» de Wikipedia en inglés, publicada por sus editores bajo la Licencia de documentación libre de GNU y la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.