Erromako Afera
Erromako Afera Italiako gobernua eta aita santuen artean 1861etik 1929ra arte izan zen gatazka politiko baten izena da.
Italiak Erroma anexionatu nahi zuen garai hartan, eta horrek Egoitza Santuaren botere tenporala bertan behera utziko zuen. Gatazka horren bukaera Laterango Itunetan eman zen 1929an, Benito Mussolini eta Pio XI.ak sinatutako akordioekin. Garai honetan aita santuek euren burua (Pio IX.aren arabera) Vatikanon preso kontsideratu zuten.
1929an Laterango Itunak sinatu ondoren aita santuak erregulartasunez hasi ziren Erromako beste leku batzuk bisitatzen, Vatikano Hiritik kanpo, batez ere San Juan Laterangoaren basilika. Udan Castel Gandolfora bisitan ere joaten ziren, izera extraterritoriala duena, enbaxada gisa, baina ez dena Vatikano hiriaren parte.
Kanpo estekak
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