راهنما:الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی لهستانی

جدول زیر نشان‌دهندۀ آواهای زبان لهستانی و علامت نشان دادن آن در الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی و الفبای لهستانی است.

همخوان‌ها
آوا	لهستانی	مثال	مثال انگلیسی
b	b	bardzo	bike
ɕ	ś, s(i)^[۱]	Jaś	she
d	d	dawno	door
dz^[۲]	dz	dzban	beds
dʑ^[۲]	dź, dz(i)^[۱]	dziadek	jeep^[۳]
dʐ ^[۲]	dż, drz	Dżakarta	jug^[۳]
f	f	foka	feist
ɡ	g	grać	girl
ɡʲ	g(i)^[۱]	Gienek	argue
ɣ	ch, h	niechby	تقریباً شبیه به go ولی بدون بستن کامل هوا روی g
j	j, i^[۱]	jak	yes
j̃^[۴]	ń	koń	voice
k	k	krowa	scam
kʲ	k(i)^[۱]	kierowca	skew
l	l	lampa	lion
m	m^[۵]	morze	mile
n	n^[۵]	nad	Nile
ɲ	ń, n(i)^[۵]^[۱]	nie	canyon
ŋ^[۶]	n^[۵]	bank	bank
p	p	policja	spike
r	r	różowy	r کشیده شده شبیه Roma در ایتالیایی
s	s	smak	sign
ʂ	sz	szybko	shore^[۳]
t	t	tak	stow
tɕ^[۲]	ć, c(i)^[۱]	cierpki	cheer^[۳]
ts^[۲]	c	całkiem	cats
tʂ^[۲]	cz	czy	child^[۳]
v	w	wartość	vile
w^[۷]	ł	ładny	way
x	ch, h	chleb	(اسکاتلندی) loch
xʲ	ch(i), h(i)^[۱]	hiacynt	huge
z	z	zebra	zebra
ʑ	ź, z(i)^[۱]	ziarno	vision, azure^[۳]
ʐ	ż, rz	rzadko	vision, azure^[۳]

واکه‌ها
آوا	لهستانی	مثال	مثال انگلیسی
a	a	tam	father
ɛ	e	krem	bet
ɛ̃	ę^[۵]	kęs	vin (فرانسوی)
i	i^[۱]	piwo	eat
ɨ	y	my	roses
ɔ	o	rok	off
ɔ̃	ą^[۵]	wąs	son (فرانسوی)
u	u, ó	duży	boot

دیگر نمادها
آوا	توضیحات
ˈ	تکیه اولیه
ˌ	تکیه ثانویه
.	شکستن هجا

منابع

Help:IPA/Polish، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی.

یادداشت

↑ ^۱٫۰۰ ^۱٫۰۱ ^۱٫۰۲ ^۱٫۰۳ ^۱٫۰۴ ^۱٫۰۵ ^۱٫۰۶ ^۱٫۰۷ ^۱٫۰۸ ^۱٫۰۹ The letter ⟨i⟩, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a ⟨j⟩ or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt ⟨pjes⟩). It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩) so się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt ⟨śę⟩, ⟨ćos⟩, ⟨ńańa⟩. A following ⟨i⟩ also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if they were spelled ⟨źima⟩, ⟨ći⟩, ⟨dźiśaj⟩.
↑ ^۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ ^۲٫۲ ^۲٫۳ ^۲٫۴ ^۲٫۵ The affricates /ts, dz, tɕ, dʑ, tʂ, dʐ/) may be written more precisely with ligature ties: /t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/, but they are omitted in transcriptions as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative clusters: for example, czysta [[:مدیا:Pl-czysta.ogg|[ˈt͡ʂɨsta]]] (راهنما·اطلاعات) "clean" versus trzysta [[:مدیا:Pl-trzysta.ogg|[ˈtʂɨsta]]] "three hundred".
↑ ^۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ ^۳٫۲ ^۳٫۳ ^۳٫۴ ^۳٫۵ Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an ⟨ee⟩ sound to them.
↑ Allophone of /ɲ/ in coda position or before fricatives.
↑ ^۵٫۰ ^۵٫۱ ^۵٫۲ ^۵٫۳ ^۵٫۴ ^۵٫۵ The letters ⟨ą⟩ and ⟨ę⟩ represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/ except when they are followed by a stop or affricate, when they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate: kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ] (as if spelled *kont, *gemba, *renka, *piszoncy, *pieńondze, *pieńć, *jenczy).
↑ Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.
↑ The traditional pronunciation [ɫ] is still found in a minority of speakers.

[soften-1] ۱٫۰۰ ^۱٫۰۱ ^۱٫۰۲ ^۱٫۰۳ ^۱٫۰۴ ^۱٫۰۵ ^۱٫۰۶ ^۱٫۰۷ ^۱٫۰۸ ^۱٫۰۹ The letter ⟨i⟩, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a ⟨j⟩ or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt ⟨pjes⟩). It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩) so się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt ⟨śę⟩, ⟨ćos⟩, ⟨ńańa⟩. A following ⟨i⟩ also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if they were spelled ⟨źima⟩, ⟨ći⟩, ⟨dźiśaj⟩.

[affricate-2] ۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ ^۲٫۲ ^۲٫۳ ^۲٫۴ ^۲٫۵ The affricates /ts, dz, tɕ, dʑ, tʂ, dʐ/) may be written more precisely with ligature ties: /t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/, but they are omitted in transcriptions as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative clusters: for example, czysta [[:مدیا:Pl-czysta.ogg|[ˈt͡ʂɨsta]]] (راهنما·اطلاعات) "clean" versus trzysta [[:مدیا:Pl-trzysta.ogg|[ˈtʂɨsta]]] "three hundred".

[postalveolar-3] ۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ ^۳٫۲ ^۳٫۳ ^۳٫۴ ^۳٫۵ Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an ⟨ee⟩ sound to them.

[4] Allophone of /ɲ/ in coda position or before fricatives.

[nasalvowel-5] ۵٫۰ ^۵٫۱ ^۵٫۲ ^۵٫۳ ^۵٫۴ ^۵٫۵ The letters ⟨ą⟩ and ⟨ę⟩ represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/ except when they are followed by a stop or affricate, when they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate: kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ] (as if spelled *kont, *gemba, *renka, *piszoncy, *pieńondze, *pieńć, *jenczy).

[6] Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.

[7] The traditional pronunciation [ɫ] is still found in a minority of speakers.

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

[۵]

[۶]

[۷]

راهنما:الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی لهستانی

منابع

یادداشت

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia