Papiro
Ti papiro ket ti naingpis kasla papel a material a naaramid manipud ti medula ti mula a papiro, Cyperus papyrus,[1] ti mula ti kalugnakan a kasla ruot nga adu idiay Sudd ti Akin-abagatan a Sudan a mairaman pay ti Delta ti Nilo ti Ehipsio. Ti papiro ket immun-una a naammuan a naus-usar idi iti taga-ugma nga Ehipto (mabalin a nabaybayagen ngem idi Umuna a Dinastia), ngem naus-usar pay daytoy kadagiti amin a rehion ti Mediteraneo iti Pagarian ti Kush. Dagidi taga-ugma nga Ehipsio ket naipagpagarup a nagus-usarda ti papiro a kas pagsuratan a material,[2] ken inus-usarda pay a kas kadawyan a panagaramid kadagiti sabali a artipakto a kas dagiti rono a bangka, dagiti kamen, tali, dagiti palluka, ken dagiti labba.
Pakasaritaan
Ti papiro ket immuna a napataud idiay Ehipto ken Akin-abagatan a Sudan manipud idi maikapat a milenio BCE.[3] Ti kasapaan nga arkeolohiko nga ebidensia ket nakali idi 2012-2013 idiay Wadi al-Jarf, ti maysa a taga-ugma nga Ehipsio a pagsangaladan a mabirukan idiay aplaya ti Baybay Nalabbasit. Dagitoy a dokumento ket napetsaan manpud idi ca. 2560-2550 BCE (gibus ti panagturay ni Khufu).[3] Kadagiti umuna a siglo BCE ken CE, dagiti lukot ti papiro ket nakagun-od ti kapada a kas pagsuratan iti porma iti porma iti pergamino, ken naisagana daytoy manipud kadagiti kudil ti ayup.[4]
Dagiti nagibasaran
- ^ "Papyrus definition". Dictionary.com. Naala idi 20 Nobiembre 2008.
- ^ "Ebers Papyrus". Encyclopedia Brittanica. Naala idi 8 Marso 2014.
- ^ a b Tallet, Pierre (2012). "Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf" (PDF). British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan. 18: 147–68. ISSN 2049-5021. Naala idi 21 Abril 2013.
- ^ Jaroslav Černý. 1952. Paper and Books in Ancient Egypt: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered at University College London, 29 Mayo 1947. Londres: H. K. Lewis. (Naiprenta manen idiay Chicago: Ares Publishers Inc., 1977).
- Leach, Bridget, and William John Tait. 2000. "Papyrus". In Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, edited by Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 227–253. Thorough technical discussion with extensive bibliography.
- Leach, Bridget, and William John Tait. 2001. "Papyrus". In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, edited by Donald Bruce Redford. Vol. 3 of 3 vols. Oxford, New York, and Cairo: Oxford University Press and The American University in Cairo Press. 22–24.
- Parkinson, Richard Bruce, and Stephen G. J. Quirke. 1995. Papyrus. Egyptian Bookshelf. London: British Museum Press. General overview for a popular reading audience.
Adu pay a mabasbasa
- Horst Blanck: Das Buch in der Antike. Beck, München 1992, ISBN 3-406-36686-4
- Rosemarie Drenkhahn: Papyrus. In: Wolfgang Helck, Wolfhart Westendorf (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Bd. IV, Wiesbaden 1982, Spalte 667-670
- David Diringer, The Book before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental, Dover Publications, New York 1982, pp. 113–169, ISBN 0-486-24243-9.
- Victor Martin (Hrsg.): Ménandre. Le Dyscolos. Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, Cologny – Genève 1958
- Otto Mazal: Griechisch-römische Antike. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1999, ISBN 3-201-01716-7 (Geschichte der Buchkultur; Bd. 1)
Dagiti akinruar a silpo
Dagiti midia a mainaig iti Papiro iti Wikimedia Commons
Dagiti midia a mainaig iti Papiro iti Wikimedia Commons
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