frenulum breve は、陰茎包皮が完全に剥けるには陰茎小帯が短すぎる状態のことであり、それによって性交中に不快になるかもしれない。包茎は、大人の陰茎包皮が十分に剥けない状態のことである。成人になる前にはまだ、陰茎包皮と亀頭が分かれていないかもしれない[68]。包茎は、陰茎包皮を穏やかに引っ張る、オナニーの癖を変える[69]、局所ステロイド軟膏の塗布、Preputioplasty、もしくはより完全な方法として包茎手術を選択することによって治療される。包皮炎(英語版)は陰茎包皮の炎症である。
^Winkelmann RK (1957). “The mucocutaneous end-organ: the primary organized sensory ending in human skin”. AMA Arch Dermatol76 (2): 225–35. doi:10.1001/archderm.1957.01550200069015.
^College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (2009年). “Circumcision (Infant Male)” (PDF). 2012年4月29日閲覧。
^Schober JM, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Dolezal C (April 2009). “Self-ratings of genital anatomy, sexual sensitivity and function in men using the 'Self-Assessment of Genital Anatomy and Sexual Function, Male' questionnaire”. BJU Int.103 (8): 1096–103. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08166.x. PMID19245445.
^“Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability” (PDF). World Health Organization. pp. 16. 2012年4月29日閲覧。 “Although it has been argued that sexual function may diminish following circumcision due to the removal of the nerve endings in the foreskin and subsequent thickening of the epithelia of the glans, there is little evidence for this and studies are inconsistent.”
^Lakshmanan S; Prakash S (1980). “Human prepuce: some aspects of structure and function”. Indian Journal of Surgery44: 134–137. http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/lakshmanan/. "The outer layer of the prepuce in common with the skin of the shaft of the penis glides freely in a to and fro fashion and has to be delicate and thin, as was observed in this study. [...] The inner lining of the projecting tubular part has the structure of the outer layer and adds to the thin gliding skin when retracted."
^Kigozi G, Watya S, Polis CB, et al. (January 2008). “The effect of male circumcision on sexual satisfaction and function, results from a randomized trial of male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus prevention, Rakai, Uganda”. BJU Int.101 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07369.x. PMID18086100. "Opponents of circumcision, using results from selected observational studies, have argued that the procedure impairs sexual function, and reduces sexual pleasure and satisfaction through keratinization of the glans, removal of the most sensitive preputial tissues, and loss of the 'gliding' mechanism provided by the foreskin"
^O'Hara K (2002). Sex as Nature Intended It: The Most Important Thing You Need to Know about Making Love, but No One Could Tell You Until Now. Turning Point Publications. pp. 72. "During intercourse, the natural penis shaft actually glides within its own shaft skin covering. This minimizes friction to the vaginal walls and opening, and to the shaft skin itself, adding immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties. Friction is not entirely eliminated during natural intercourse but it is largely eliminated. Friction can take place in the lower vagina, but only if the man uses a stroke that exceeds the (forward and backward) gliding range of the shaft's extra skin. And in such a case, there will be friction only to the extent that the shaft exceeded its extra skin, which is uncommon since the natural penis has a propensity for short strokes. Primarily, it is the penis head that makes frictional contact with the vaginal walls, usually in the upper vagina where there is ample lubrication. [...] The gliding principle of natural intercourse is a two-way street—the vagina glides on the shaft skin while the shaft skin massages the penis shaft as it glides over it."
^Fakjian, N; S Hunter, GW Cole and J Miller (August 1990). “An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult”. Arch Dermatol126 (8): 1046–7. doi:10.1001/archderm.126.8.1046. PMID2383029.
^O'Farrell N, Quigley M, Fox P (2005). “Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study”. Int J STD AIDS16 (8): 556–9. doi:10.1258/0956462054679151. PMID16105191. "Overall, circumcised men were less likely to be diagnosed with a STI/balanitis (51% and 35%, P 1⁄4 0.021) than those non-circumcised"
^Sörensen SM, Sörensen MR (1988). “Circumcision with the Plastibell device. A long-term follow-up”. Int Urol Nephrol20 (2): 159–66. doi:10.1007/BF02550667. PMID3384610.
^Cathcart P, Nuttall M, van der Meulen J, Emberton M, Kenny SE (July 2006). “Trends in paediatric circumcision and its complications in England between 1997 and 2003”. Br J Surg93 (7): 885–90. doi:10.1002/bjs.5369. PMID16673355.
^Simforoosh N, Tabibi A, Khalili SA, et al. (November 2010). “Neonatal circumcision reduces the incidence of asymptomatic urinary tract infection: A large prospective study with long-term follow up using Plastibell”. J Pediatr Urol. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2010.10.008. PMID21115400.
^Yegane, R.A.; A.R. Kheirollahi, N.A. Salehi, M. Bashashati, J.A. Khoshdel and M. Ahmadi (May 2006). “Late complications of circumcision in Iran”. Pediatr Surg Int22 (5): 442–445. doi:10.1007/s00383-006-1672-1. PMID16649052.
^Griffiths, D.M; Atwell JD, Freeman NV (1985). “A prospective survey of the indications and morbidity of circumcision in children”. Eur Urol11 (3): 184–7. PMID4029234.
^Van Howe, R.S. (2006). “Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting”. Clin Pediatr (Phila)45 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1177/000992280604500108. PMID16429216.
^Stenram A, Malmfors G, Okmian L (1986). “Circumcision for phimosis: a follow-up study”. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol.20 (2): 89–92. doi:10.3109/00365598609040554. PMID3749823.
^O'Farrell N, Quigley M, Fox P (2005). “Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study”. Int J STD AIDS16 (8): 556–9. doi:10.1258/0956462054679151. PMID16105191.
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^de Witte L, Nabatov A, Pion M, et al. (2007). “Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells”. Nat. Med.13 (3): 367–71. doi:10.1038/nm1541. PMID17334373.
^McKie, Robin (1999年4月4日). “Foreskins for Skin Grafts”. The Toronto Star
^Hovatta, O.; M. Mikkola1, K. Gertow, A.-M. Strömberg, J. Inzunza1, J. Hreinsson1, B. Rozell, E. Elisabeth Blennow, M. Andäng, L. Ährlund-Richter (July 2003). “A culture system using human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells allows production of human embryonic stem cells”. Human Reproduction18 (7): 1404–1409. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg290. PMID12832363.