Fiume Columbia

Fiume Columbia
	(und) Shocatilicum
	;
Sorte	Fiume e fiume prinsipałe
Epònemo	Columbia Rediviva (en)
Scumìsio
Nasion rivaresca	Stati Unii de l'Amèrica e Cànada
Rejon aministrativa	Cołonbia Britànica (Canada)
Pozision	Columbia Lake (en)
Finałe
Rejon aministrativa	àcue internasionałi
Pozision	Osèano Pasìfego
	A ; B 46.25°N 124.05°W
Afluente	100
Conca idrogràfega	Columbia (conca del fiume)
Dati e sifre
Altitùdene	406 m
Mezura	2 000 () km ;
Superfise conca idrogràfega	668 217 km²
Mezure e indegadori
Portada	7 500 m³/s

El Cołùnbia o pì coretamente Columbia^[1] el ze el fiume pì grando che el sboca inte l'Osèano Pasìfego nord-osidentale, in Nord Amèrica.

Zeografia

El fiume el taca el so corso de 2.000 km dal Lago Columbia a 820 m s.l.m. sirca, inte łe Montagne Rocioze de ła Columbia Britànega, in Canada. El traversa la vałada jasałe par i so primi 320 km, corendo co andamento nord òvest. Dopo el svolta bruscamente verso sud, entrando inte i Stati Unii d'Amèrica, inte el stato de Washington; arente de ła confluensa del Snake, el svolta verso òvest, devegnendo èsar el confino intrà el Stato de Washington e l'Oregon. Da cuà in dopo, el fiume el rałenta ła so corsa, desbocando inte el Osèano Pasìfego a nord-ovest de Portland, in Oregon.

Portada

Co na portada mèdia a ła boca de sirca 7.500 m³/s, el Columbia el ze el fiume nordamerican co mejo portada che el desboca inte l'Osèano Pasìfego^[2], el 4° par portada inte i Stati Unii^[3].

Mape

Pułìtega

Temàtega

Idrogràfega

Bibliografia

Zenerałe

(EN) Robert Carriker e William L. Lang, Great River of the West: Essays on the Columbia River, University of Washington Press, 2013, ISBN 978-02-95-80276-3.
(EN) Derek Hayes, Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery, Sasquatch Books, 1999, ISBN 978-15-70-61215-2.
Blaine Harden, A River Lost: The Life and Death of the Columbia, W. W. Norton & Company, 2012, ISBN 978-03-93-34452-3.
(EN) Tom Lashnits, The Columbia River, Facts On File Incorporated, 2004, ISBN 978-07-91-07728-3.

Stòrego-culturale

Edward L. Affleck, A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon, and Alaska, Vancouver, Alexander Nicholls Press, 2000, ISBN 978-09-20-03408-8.
(EN) Katrine Barber, Death of Celilo Falls, University of Washington Press, 2011, ISBN 978-02-95-80092-9.
(EN) Robert Boyd, People of The Dalles: The Indians of Wascopam Mission, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, ISBN 978-08-03-26232-4.
(EN) Ella Elizabeth Clark, Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest, University of California Press, 2003, ISBN 978-05-20-23926-5.
(EN) William Dietrich, Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River, Simon & Schuster, 1995, ISBN 978-06-71-79650-1.
(EN) Andrew H. Fisher, Shadow Tribe: The Making of Columbia River Indian Identity, University of Washington Press, 2011, ISBN 978-02-95-80197-1.
(EN) Eugene S. Hunn e James Selam, Nch'i-wána, "the Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land, University of Washington Press, 1990, ISBN 978-02-95-97119-3.
(EN) Richard Somerset Mackie, Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793–1843, University of British Columbia Press, 1997, ISBN 978-07-74-80613-8.
(EN) Harvey Whitefield Scott e Leslie M. Scott, History of the Oregon country, Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1924, OCLC 6608313.
(EN) Roberta Ulrich, Empty Nets: Indians, Dams, and the Columbia River, Oregon State University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-08-70-71188-6.

Pesca, anbiente e infrastruture

(EN) Arthur C. Benke e Colbert E. Cushing, Rivers of North America, Elsevier, 2011, ISBN 978-00-80-45418-4.
(EN) Anthony Netboy, The Columbia River Salmon and Steelhead Trout: Their Fight for Survival, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1981, ISBN 978-02-95-95768-5.
(EN) National Research Council, Managing the Columbia River: Instream Flows, Water Withdrawals, and Salmon Survival, National Academies Press, 2004, ISBN 978-03-09-09155-8.
(EN) Paul C. Pitzer, Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream, Washington State University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-08-74-22113-8.
(EN) Richard N. Williams, Return to the River: Restoring Salmon Back to the Columbia River, Academic Press Inc, 2005, ISBN 978-01-20-88414-8.

Zeołòzega e zeogràfega

(EN) Ellen Morris Bishop, In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History, Timber Press, 2006, ISBN 978-08-81-92789-4.
(EN) Peter L. Stelling e David Samuel Tucker, Floods, Faults, and Fire: Geological Field Trips in Washington State and Southwest British Columbia, Geological Society of America, 2007, ISBN 978-08-13-70009-0.
(EN) Cheri Dohnal, Columbia River Gorge: Natural Treasure On The Old Oregon Trail, Arcadia Publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-07-38-52432-0.
(EN) Donald W. Meinig, The Great Columbia Plain: A Historical Geography, 1805-1910, 2ª ed., University of Washington Press, 2016, ISBN 978-02-95-80519-1.
(EN) Ted Mueller, Fire, Faults, and Floods: A Road and Trail Guide Exploring the Origins of the Columbia River Basin, University of Idaho Press, 1997, ISBN 978-08-93-01206-9.

Notasion

↑ in ingleze Columbia River
↑ (EN) Sentro studi del Pasìfego Orientale
↑ (EN) fiumi pì grandi dei Stati Unii (ligo ronpesto dispunìbiłe in Internet Archive; védarse el istòrego, la prima version e ła ùltema).

Altri projeti

Wikimedia Commons el detien imàjini o altri file so Columbia
Scholia el detien schemi gràfeghi so Fiume Columbia

Linganbi foresti

(EN) Marion E. Marts, Columbia RiverEnçiclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
(EN) Fiume ColumbiaGeographic Names Information System, USGS.

Controło de autorità	VIAF (EN) 1237148632965530630004 · LCCN (EN) sh85028740 · GND (DE) 4010416-3 · WorldCat Identities (EN) 1237148632965530630004