2017年发表的一项将SSRI类抗抑郁药物与安慰剂进行比较的元分析发现,在49项相关研究中,使用SSRI类药物后汉密尔顿抑郁量表的分值平均下降了1.9分,具统计学意义,但未能达到临床标准。该临床标准由英国国家卫生与保健研究所(英语:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence)制定,该标准要求标准平均差至少为0.5,即量表得分下降3分。不过,这项研究有着较高的偏差风险,或许可以用来解释SSRI类药物具有统计学意义的效果。最终,作者得出结论,负面效应发生的频率使得本就较不显著的临床症状改善失去了意义。[12]
史上规模最大、最昂贵的针对抑郁症药物疗法的有效性的研究由美国国家心理卫生研究所(英语:National Institute of Mental Health)主持进行。[27]这项研究被称作“抑郁症的有序治疗备选方案”(STAR*D(英语:STAR*D))。结果[28][29]如下。
患者在一般性或精神类医疗机构就诊时被召募参与实验。实验未发布志愿者招募广告,以最大化研究结果的普适性。患者的HAM-D得分至少须为14分才可参加实验。按照通行标准,7-17分归类为轻度抑郁,18-24分归类为中度抑郁,24分及以上为重度抑郁。[30]参与者的HAM-D17分值平均为22分。[31]研究终点预先定义为抑郁症的完全康复(根据HAM-D分数判断),未再次参与测试的患者归类为无回应者。在这场临床试验之后,研究者们主要使用QIDS-SR16分数呈现结果,而该分数常常较HAM-D分数偏高。
研究显示,对于25岁以下的人群,抗抑郁药的使用与出现自杀想法与行为的风险增加相关。[108]问题足够严重,以至于FDA发布了针对采用抗抑郁药治疗时自杀风险提高的警告。[109]FDA表示,自杀风险提高这一现象主要出现在治疗的前一至两个月中。[110][111]国家卫生与保健研究所(英语:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence)认为,自杀风险的提高主要出现在“治疗前期”。[112]元分析提示,抗抑郁药的使用与自杀风险的提高之间的关系与年龄有关。[108]与安慰剂相比,使用抗抑郁药在25岁以下人群中与自杀风险的增加(优势比=1.62)有关。此数据与在儿童及青少年人群中观察得到的数据一致。对25岁至64岁间的人群没有影响或是有轻微保护作用(优势比=0.79)。65岁及以上人群使用抗抑郁药有保护作用(优势比=0.37)。[108][113]
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