戴安娜·鲍姆林德是一位着重研究教养方式分类的学者。她的研究被熟知为“鲍姆林德的教养类型学”。在研究中,她发现共有四种基本元素可构成成功的教养方式:响应性、非响应性、绝对化要求与非绝对化要求(responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding)。[36]父母响应性质父母以支持于接受的方式相应孩子的需求。[37][需要較佳来源]通过她的研究,鲍姆林德起初提出了三种教养方式:“專制式教養方式”、“放任式教養方式”与“權威加民主式教養方式”。 麦科比与马丁通过区分绝对化要求与非绝对化要求扩展了鲍姆林德的教养方式。[38]这些区分形成了四种全新的教养方式:
专制教养是一种约束性、重刑罚的教养方式。对孩子使用此种教养方式的父母会让其子女强制服从其指令,但不对其指令做出解释或反馈,也不注意孩子和家庭的感觉或地位。[39][43]专制型父母通常会偏好体罚(英语:Corporal punishment in the home)(如打屁股)和叫喊的管教方式。此教养方式的目标(出于好意的情况下)是通过让孩子在作出不当行为的时候面对负面反馈(如愤怒和攻击性行为)来让孩子在严酷、无情的社会中像大人一样学会循规守矩、茁壮成长。除此之外,这种教养方式的支持者通常认为若父母对孩子施加急性和慢性压力,则孩子长大后就会受到较少的攻击性行为。[來源請求]
专制教养方法的特定方面在某些文化和民族中较为流行,如被亚裔美国家庭所使用并被其他文化中的父母模仿的亚洲传统育儿方式有时会被描述为专制。[39]虽然这种方式存在恶劣结果的风险(如家里蹲和印度(英语:Suicide in India)、中国、韩国自杀率上升和一类的亚洲文化现象),但也可能导致了比鲍姆林德的模型的预测结果更高的儿童成绩中位数结果。[來源請求]奎弗满尔(英语:Quiverfull)式父母通常使用专制式教养方式。[來源請求]此外,雖然已知專制式教養會帶來負面影響,但有理由認為,專制式教養的結果還是會好過溺愛。像例如一項2014年楊百翰大學的研究指出,溺愛子女的父母,其子女酗酒風險是一般狀況下的三倍;而雖然專制的父母,其子女酗酒的風險也比較高,但僅為一般狀況下的兩倍。[47]
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参考注解
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