茶红素

茶红素（Thearubigins）是存在于红茶中的一种橙褐色色素，是茶叶发酵的产物^[1]。茶紅素呈紅色，是造成茶葉染色效果的主要原因^[2]。茶紅素呈紅色，是造成茶葉染色效果的主要原因。因此，紅茶（完全氧化的）茶通常呈現紅色，而綠茶或白茶的外觀則清晰得多。然而，紅茶的顏色也受到許多其他因素的影響，例如茶黃素（另一種氧化形式的多酚）的含量。

茶紅素首先由 Roberts, E. A. H.在1960年代^[3]通過光譜學^[4]或分餾或纸色谱法^[5]進行了研究。它們在 1969 年被鑑定為原花青素^[6]。 1983 年在體外模型中(in vitro model)研究了茶紅素的形成^[1]。

1996年對紅茶提取物中的茶紅素進行了降解研究^[7]。量化方法基於1995年的波特分析^[8]和 1992 年在 C18 吸附劑柱上進行的分離^[9]。

一些新的結構被提出了，例如，在1997年的 theacitrin^[10]或在2003年（茶素A，Theasinensin A和茶素B, Theasinensin B）^[11] 。進一步的研究在 2004 年使用了 MALDI-TOF 質譜法^[12]，在 2010 年使用了其他技術^[13]^[14]。 2009 年表明，紅茶中茶紅素的形成與兒茶素的消耗有關^[15]。

在生物化学上，茶红素是一类分子差异极大的异质性红色或褐红色的酚性物质，但很难提取。

茶红素，橙褐色化合物占干茶的6%到8%的重量。茶红素在茶汤的味道，色泽，方面，起到了一定的作用，茶红素约占总颜色的35%，也在成品茶的褐色方面起到了重要的作用。

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Robertson, Alastair; Bendall, Derek S. Production and HPLC analysis of black tea theaflavins and thearubigins during in vitro oxidation. Phytochemistry. 1983, 22 (4): 883–7. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(83)85016-X.
^ Which Type of Tea Stains Teeth the Most. 19 June 2012 [2023-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-19）.
^ Roberts, E. A. H. Economic importance of flavonoid substances: tea fermentation. Geissman, T. A. (编). The Chemistry of Flavonoid Compounds. New York: MacMillan. 1962: 468–512. OCLC 10460879.
^ Roberts, E. A. H.; Smith, R. F. The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. IX.—the spectrophotometric evaluation of tea liquors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1963, 14 (10): 689–700. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740141002.
^ Roberts, E. A. H.; Cartwright, R. A.; Oldschool, M. The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. I.—Fractionation and paper chromatography of water-soluble substances. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1957, 8 (2): 72–80. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740080203.
^ Brown, A. G.; Eyton, W. B.; Holmes, A.; Ollis, W. D. Identification of the Thearubigins as Polymeric Proanthocyanidins. Nature. 1969, 221 (5182): 742–4. Bibcode:1969Natur.221..742B. S2CID 4225363. doi:10.1038/221742a0.
^ Ozawa, Tetsuo; Kataoka, Mari; Morikawa, Keiko; Negishi, Osamu. Elucidation of the Partial Structure of Polymeric Thearubigins from Black Tea by Chemical Degradation. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1996, 60 (12): 2023. doi:10.1271/bbb.60.2023. INIST（法语：Institut de l'information scientifique et technique）:2576463.
^ Powell, Christopher; Clifford, Michael N; Opie, Shaun C; Gibson, Colin L. Use of Porter's reagents for the characterisation of thearubigins and other non-proanthocyanidins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1995, 68 (1): 33–8. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740680106.
^ Whitehead, David L; Temple, Catherine M. Rapid method for measuring thearubigins and theaflavins in black tea using C18 sorbent cartridges. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1992, 58 (1): 149–52. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740580126.
^ Davis, Adrienne L.; Lewis, John R.; Cai, Ya; Powell, Chris; Davis, Alan P.; Wilkins, John P.G.; Pudney, Paul; Clifford, Mike N. A polyphenolic pigment from black tea. Phytochemistry. 1997, 46 (8): 1397. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00508-6.
^ Haslam, Edwin. Thoughts on thearubigins. Phytochemistry. 2003, 64 (1): 61–73. PMID 12946406. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00355-8.
^ Menet, Marie-Claude; Sang, Shengmin; Yang, Chung S.; Ho, Chi-Tang; Rosen, Robert T. Analysis of Theaflavins and Thearubigins from Black Tea Extract by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004, 52 (9): 2455–61. PMID 15113141. doi:10.1021/jf035427e.
^ Kuhnert, Nikolai. Unraveling the structure of the black tea thearubigins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2010, 501 (1): 37–51. PMID 20430006. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2010.04.013. INIST（法语：Institut de l'information scientifique et technique）:23205455.
^ Kuhnert, Nikolai; Drynan, J. Warren; Obuchowicz, Jaczek; Clifford, Michael N.; Witt, Matthias. Mass spectrometric characterization of black tea thearubigins leading to an oxidative cascade hypothesis for thearubigin formation. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2010, 24 (23): 3387–404. Bibcode:2010RCMS...24.3387K. PMID 21072794. doi:10.1002/rcm.4778.
^ Ngure, Francis Muigai; Wanyoko, John K.; Mahungu, Symon M.; Shitandi, Anakalo A. Catechins depletion patterns in relation to theaflavin and thearubigins formation. Food Chemistry. 2009, 115 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.006. INIST（法语：Institut de l'information scientifique et technique）:21274489.

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[Robertson-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Robertson, Alastair; Bendall, Derek S. Production and HPLC analysis of black tea theaflavins and thearubigins during in vitro oxidation. Phytochemistry. 1983, 22 (4): 883–7. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(83)85016-X.

[2] Which Type of Tea Stains Teeth the Most. 19 June 2012 [2023-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-19）.

[3] Roberts, E. A. H. Economic importance of flavonoid substances: tea fermentation. Geissman, T. A. (编). The Chemistry of Flavonoid Compounds. New York: MacMillan. 1962: 468–512. OCLC 10460879.

[4] Roberts, E. A. H.; Smith, R. F. The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. IX.—the spectrophotometric evaluation of tea liquors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1963, 14 (10): 689–700. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740141002.

[5] Roberts, E. A. H.; Cartwright, R. A.; Oldschool, M. The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. I.—Fractionation and paper chromatography of water-soluble substances. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1957, 8 (2): 72–80. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740080203.

[6] Brown, A. G.; Eyton, W. B.; Holmes, A.; Ollis, W. D. Identification of the Thearubigins as Polymeric Proanthocyanidins. Nature. 1969, 221 (5182): 742–4. Bibcode:1969Natur.221..742B. S2CID 4225363. doi:10.1038/221742a0.

[7] Ozawa, Tetsuo; Kataoka, Mari; Morikawa, Keiko; Negishi, Osamu. Elucidation of the Partial Structure of Polymeric Thearubigins from Black Tea by Chemical Degradation. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1996, 60 (12): 2023. doi:10.1271/bbb.60.2023. INIST（法语：Institut de l'information scientifique et technique）:2576463.

[8] Powell, Christopher; Clifford, Michael N; Opie, Shaun C; Gibson, Colin L. Use of Porter's reagents for the characterisation of thearubigins and other non-proanthocyanidins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1995, 68 (1): 33–8. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740680106.

[9] Whitehead, David L; Temple, Catherine M. Rapid method for measuring thearubigins and theaflavins in black tea using C18 sorbent cartridges. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1992, 58 (1): 149–52. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740580126.

[10] Davis, Adrienne L.; Lewis, John R.; Cai, Ya; Powell, Chris; Davis, Alan P.; Wilkins, John P.G.; Pudney, Paul; Clifford, Mike N. A polyphenolic pigment from black tea. Phytochemistry. 1997, 46 (8): 1397. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00508-6.

[11] Haslam, Edwin. Thoughts on thearubigins. Phytochemistry. 2003, 64 (1): 61–73. PMID 12946406. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00355-8.

[12] Menet, Marie-Claude; Sang, Shengmin; Yang, Chung S.; Ho, Chi-Tang; Rosen, Robert T. Analysis of Theaflavins and Thearubigins from Black Tea Extract by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004, 52 (9): 2455–61. PMID 15113141. doi:10.1021/jf035427e.

[13] Kuhnert, Nikolai. Unraveling the structure of the black tea thearubigins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2010, 501 (1): 37–51. PMID 20430006. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2010.04.013. INIST（法语：Institut de l'information scientifique et technique）:23205455.

[14] Kuhnert, Nikolai; Drynan, J. Warren; Obuchowicz, Jaczek; Clifford, Michael N.; Witt, Matthias. Mass spectrometric characterization of black tea thearubigins leading to an oxidative cascade hypothesis for thearubigin formation. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2010, 24 (23): 3387–404. Bibcode:2010RCMS...24.3387K. PMID 21072794. doi:10.1002/rcm.4778.

[15] Ngure, Francis Muigai; Wanyoko, John K.; Mahungu, Symon M.; Shitandi, Anakalo A. Catechins depletion patterns in relation to theaflavin and thearubigins formation. Food Chemistry. 2009, 115 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.006. INIST（法语：Institut de l'information scientifique et technique）:21274489.

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茶红素

参考文献

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