^Atassi, Karim. Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. 2018: 259–262, 382. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5. doi:10.1017/9781316872017.
^Atassi, Karim. Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. 2018: 262, 344. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5. doi:10.1017/9781316872017.
^C. Tucker, Spencer. Baath party. U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century 1. California, USA: ABC-CLIO. 2015: 135, 136. ISBN 978-1-4408-3878-1.
^The Israel Economist 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970: 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.
^Syrian nationalism is all about masculinity. The Conversation. 13 December 2017 [19 July 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-19）. And just as these ideas are at the forefront of the Syrian conflict, they will be very familiar to any ordinary Syrian. Assad’s invigorated nationalism is a highly amplified and intensified version of the same nationalist ideology that we have all experienced over the last four decades.
^Nisan, Mordechai. 5: Syria: The Occupation of Lebanon. Politics and War in Lebanon: Unraveling the Enigma. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. 2017: 93–116. ISBN 978-1-4128-5667-6.
^Baʿath Party. Britannica. 2020 [2024-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-07）. The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism...
^Walt, Stephen. 3:From the Baghdad Pact to the Six Day War. The Origins of Alliances. Cornell University Press. 1987: 87–88. ISBN 978-0-8014-9418-5. yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad..
Roberts, David. 7: Ba'athist Doctrine. The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria Routledge Library Editions: Syria. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2015: 62–76. ISBN 978-0-415-83882-5.
K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred. Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal. Socialist Models of Development. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. 1982: 825–836. ISBN 0-08-027921-X.
Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022: 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.
I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980: 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.
The Israel Economist 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970: 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.
Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004: 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.
S. Abu Jaber, Kamel. The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. 1966: xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.
Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. 2013: 45–46, 73–75, 90. ISBN 9781317818427. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between ‘moderates’ and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.
Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Alekseĭ. Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. 1993: 63, 76 [2023-09-27]. ISBN 978-0863721687. （原始内容存档于2023-01-22）. Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria’s rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a "people’s war") were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders."
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