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Ikan halusinogenik

Mengonsumsi ikan mimpi (Sarpa salpa) dapat mengakibatkan halusinasi yang berlangsung selama beberapa hari.

Beberapa spesies ikan diklaim dapat menghasilkan efek halusinogen jika dikonsumsi. Misalnya Sarpa salpa, spesies ikan dari famili Sparidae, yang banyak diklaim mengandung zat halusinogen.[1][2] Ikan pesisir yang tersebar luas ini biasanya ditemukan di Mediterania, Spanyol, serta di sepanjang pantai barat dan selatan Afrika.[3][4] Kadang-kadang ikan ini juga ditemukan di perairan Inggris.[5] Spesies ikan ini dapat menyebabkan efek halusinogen yang mirip dengan LSD jika dimakan.[6] Namun, berdasarkan laporan pemaparan, efeknya mungkin lebih menyerupai halusinogen delirian daripada efek psikedelik serotonergik seperti LSD. Pada tahun 2006, dua orang pria yang memakan ikan ini mengalami halusinasi selama beberapa hari (efek yang umum terjadi pada paparan zat delirian alami).[7][8] Kemungkinan munculnya halusinasi setelah mengkonsumsi ikan ini tergantung pada musim.[9][10] Sarpa salpa dikenal sebagai "ikan pembawa mimpi" dalam bahasa Arab.[7]

Spesies lain yang diklaim mampu menghasilkan efek halusinasi termasuk beberapa spesies ikan sea chub [en] dari genus Kyphosus.[7] Tidak jelas apakah toksin yang menyebabkan halusinasi diproduksi oleh ikan itu sendiri atau oleh alga laut yang menjadi makanan mereka. Ikan halusinogen lainnya adalah Siganus spinus,[11][12] disebut "ikan pembuat mabuk" di Pulau Reunion, dan Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (sebelumnya dinamai Mulloidichthys samoensis),[13][14] yang sering disebut ikan "kepala hantu" di Hawaii.[15]

Pemicu halusinasi

Beberapa ikan mungkin mengadung halusinogen setelah memakan Caulerpa prolifera, spesies alga hijau yang membentuk lapisan padat di daerah berpasir dangkal.
Zat halusinogen kemungkinan juga berasal dari ikan yang memakan Posidonia oceanica, lamun yang hidup di padang rumput sepanjang pantai Mediterania.

Zat aktif yang menyebabkan halusinasi dan asal mula agen ini masih belum jelas. Beberapa peneliti berpendapat bahwa zat penyebab halusinasi berasal dari racun makroalga yang terakumulasi di dalam daging ikan. Racun dari ganggang hijau Caulerpa prolifera di Laut Mediterania tampaknya juga bisa menyebabkan halusinasi,[16] misalnya seperti lamun Posidonia oceanica.[9] Ketika herbivora memakan daun lamun, mereka menelan alga epifit dan racun dinoflagellata yang hidup di daun rumput laut.[17] Antropolog Jerman Christian Rätsch berpendapat bahwa ikan mimpi mungkin mengandung halusinogen DMT.[18]

Daftar spesies

Spesies ikan yang dilaporkan mengandung zat halusinogen
Makanan Familia Gambar Spesies Nama umum (Inggris) Panjang maksimum Lokasi dilaporkan[7] Catatan Sumber lain
Herbivora Pomacentridae Abudefduf septemfasciatus Banded sergeant
23 cm
 Pulau Gilbert[19] [20][21]
Siganidae Siganus argenteus Streamlined spinefoot
40 cm
 Mauritius[22] [23][24]
Siganus corallinus Blue-spotted spinefoot
35 cm
 Mauritius[22] [25][26]
Siganus luridus Dusky spinefoot
30 cm
 Israel[27][28] [29][30]
Siganus rivulatus Marbled spinefoot
27 cm
 Mauritius[22]
Israel (diduga)[31] 		[32][33]
Siganus spinus Little spinefoot
28 cm
 Pulau Réunion[34] [11][12]
Sparidae Sarpa salpa Salema
51 cm
 Tunisia[35]
Prancis[36]
Israel[31][37] 		[3][4]
Kyphosidae Kyphosus cinerascens Blue sea chub
50 cm
 Hawaii[38] [39][40]
Kyphosus vaigiensis Brassy chub
70 cm
 Hawaii[38] [41][42]
Kyphosus bigibbus Brown chub
75 cm
 Pulau Norfolk[43] Disebut juga Kyphosus fuscus [44][45]
Acanthuridae Acanthurus triostegus Convict surgeonfish
27 cm
 Hawaii[38] [46][47]
Omnivora Mullidae Mulloidichthys flavolineatus Yellowstripe goatfish
43 cm
 Hawaii[48][49][50] Disebut juga Mulloidichthys samoensis.[51]
Disebut "ikan kepala hantu" di Hawaii[15][52] 		[13][14]
Upeneus taeniopterus Finstripe goatfish
33 cm
 Hawaii[48][49][50] Disebut juga Upeneus arge [53][54]
Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead grey mullet
100 cm
 Hawaii[48] [55][56]
Neomyxus leuciscus Acute-jawed mullet
46 cm
 Hawaii[48] Disebut juga Neomyxus chaptalli [57][58]
Karnivora Serranidae Epinephelus corallicola Coral grouper
49 cm
 Pulau Gilbert[19] [59][60]

Referensi

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  41. ^ Kyphosus vaigiensis: Lowfinned Drummer Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
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  43. ^ Roughly TC, Roberts BJ (1960) "Bounty descendant live on remote Norfolk Island" Diarsipkan 2016-04-24 di Wayback Machine. National Geographic Magazine, 116 (6): 575.
  44. ^ Kyphosus bigibbus: Striped Drummer Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  45. ^ "Kyphosus bigibbus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
  46. ^ Acanthurus triostegus: Convict Tang Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  47. ^ "Acanthurus triostegus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
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