Former Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair said that Corbyn's Brexit policy "alienated both sides of the debate" and that he personified "a brand of quasi-revolutionary socialism - mixing far-left economic policy with deep hostility to Western foreign policy". Blair also highlighted the handling of antisemitism in the party as a key issue.[4] Political scientist John Curtice said that "the bond between Labour and its traditional working-class base is now badly strained" after a substantial swing of votes from Labour to the Conservatives in leave-voting areas.[5]
Corbyn took responsibility for the defeat but said he remained proud of his party's campaign.[6] In the Observer, Corbyn claimed that Labour's election campaign had successfully re-set the terms of debate and his manifesto would be seen as "historically important".[6] Corbyn's Shadow Chancellor and ally John McDonnell also took responsibility for the defeat but also cited the media's portrayal of Corbyn as a factor in the defeat.[6][7] Corbyn subsequently announced that he would resign as Labour Party leader following a "process of reflection".[8][9]
Procedure
The election was conducted under a pure one member, one vote (OMOV) system, using the instant-runoff voting electoral system with preferential balloting to calculate the result.[10][11] Votes were cast using postal ballots and online voting forms. Candidates were elected by members and registered and affiliated supporters, who all received a maximum of one vote, and all votes were weighted equally. This meant that, for example, members of Labour-affiliated trades unions needed to register as affiliated Labour supporters to vote.[12] Members who joined before 20 January were eligible to vote.[11]
To stand, candidates needed to be nominated by at least 10 per cent of the combined membership of the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) and European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP), meaning 22 MPs and MEPs at the time. As a result, a maximum of nine candidates could stand. They also needed to be nominated by at least 5 per cent of Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs), meaning at least 33 CLPs, or at least three party affiliates that consist of at least 5 per cent of affiliate members including at least two trades unions.[10][13] Affiliates consist of affiliated trades unions and socialist societies.[13][14]
Nominations from the Parliamentary Labour Party and European Parliamentary Labour Party opened on 7 January and closed on 13 January. Between 15 January and 15 February, constituency parties and affiliate organisations could nominate their preferred candidate. Applications to become a registered supporter opened on 14 January and closed on 16 January. Voting in the membership ballot opened on 24 February[16] and closed at midday on 2 April. The result of the leadership election was announced on 4 April.[17] The special conference planned for the announcement of the election result was "scaled-back" on 12 March because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[18]
Campaign
Announcements
Immediately following the 2019 general election, Keir Starmer, the Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, was considered favourite to win the leadership election by the online gambling company Betfair.[19][20]Rebecca Long-Bailey, the shadow business secretary, was considered another front runner.[21] Various other figures were considered as possible leadership candidates, including Lisa Nandy, the MP for Wigan, who said on 15 December 2019 that she was "seriously thinking" about standing for the leadership.[22] On 29 December, Long-Bailey wrote an article for The Guardian declaring her interest in standing and laying out her strategy for a "progressive patriotism".[23]
Some party figures, including the former MP Caroline Flint and the MP Wes Streeting, argued for a "clean break" from the previous leadership. However, Len McCluskey, general secretary of Unite the Union, said that the next leader should "carry on the tradition", describing Long-Bailey and Angela Rayner as his preferred candidates.[24][25] Party figures affiliated with Long-Bailey and MPs such as Corbyn, as well as centrist figures like Alastair Campbell, encouraged supporters of their preferred candidates to join the party to vote in the leadership election.[26][27]Roy Hattersley, a former deputy leader of the party, wrote on 21 December that MPs should refuse to accept Long-Bailey if she were elected leader.[28]
Clive Lewis, the shadow minister for sustainable economics, announced on 19 December that he would stand.[34] He said that as leader, he would give more democratic power in the party to its members.[35] He argued that the party should work more with other political parties on the left, and proposed constitutional reforms including supporting proportional representation and reform of the House of Lords.[36][37] In January 2020, he proposed a referendum about the future of the British royal family.[38] He was criticised for his response to claims against him of sexual harassment, for which he had been cleared by a disciplinary body within Labour, which "seemed unapologetic".[39]
Jess Phillips announced her candidacy in Grimsby on 3 January 2020.[40] She criticised the party's approach to Brexit and Scottish independence, saying that she was opposed to a second referendum on Scottish independence.[41] She said that she would be open to arguing for the UK to rejoin the European Union.[42][43] Criticising the party's manifesto at the 2019 general election, Phillips said that she would support nationalising railways but would not prioritise further nationalisation.[43]
Nandy announced that she would stand in a letter to the Wigan Post on the same day as Phillips.[44] She argued that the party needed a "bridge" to join areas in northern England where the party was losing seats and metropolitan areas where the party was gaining support.[22]
Starmer, who a poll had indicated was the most popular potential candidate heading into the leadership election, announced his candidacy with a video posted to social media on 4 January followed by a launch in Stevenage.[45][46]
Long-Bailey announced that she would stand in an article for Tribune magazine on 6 January.[47] Long-Bailey was seen by many observers and party colleagues as the continuity candidate, who would have continued to take the party in the same direction as Corbyn.[48][49][50][51] While she disputed the description,[52][53] her campaign stressed ideological continuity with Corbyn.[54][55] She attracted attention for rating Corbyn "ten out of ten" as a politician,[56] and called for constitutional reform to spread power more evenly across the country, including abolishing the House of Lords.[41][57]
Nominations stage
Parliamentary
Candidates first needed to receive nominations from at least 5 per cent of the party's MPs and MEPs to progress to the second round of nominations. Starmer won the support of enough MPs and MEPs to progress to the next round of nominations on 8 January, when he was also endorsed by the trade union Unison.[58] The following day, Long-Bailey, Nandy and Phillips gained enough MP and MEP nominations to progress.[59]
The deadline for PLP and EPLP nominations was 2.30 pm on 13 January.[60] Lewis, with only five nominations including himself, withdrew from the contest shortly before the deadline.[61] Thornberry was also short of the required nominations at the beginning of the day, but managed to obtain enough to qualify less than ten minutes before the deadline, helped by MPs who had formerly nominated Lewis.[62] After the close of nominations, the party announced that Long-Bailey, Nandy, Phillips, Starmer and Thornberry would proceed to the next stage of the election.[63] Starmer received 88 nominations, more than any other candidate, followed by Long-Bailey with 33 and Nandy with 31.[64] Phillips and Thornberry were each nominated by 23 MPs and MEPs, one more than the minimum requirement of 22. Shortly after these nominations were published, Starmer was heavily favoured in the betting odds.[62]
Constituencies and affiliates
Nandy, Starmer and Long-Bailey at the Bristol hustings on 1 February 2020
Corbyn-supporting group Momentum balloted its members on a proposal that the group endorse Long-Bailey (alongside Angela Rayner for deputy). Of the 7,395 respondents 70 per cent backed Long-Bailey, but the organisation was criticised by commentators[65][66][67] and by some Momentum members for not giving the option to endorse other candidates.[68]
Starmer became the first candidate to qualify for the ballot on 20 January with his third affiliate nomination, from the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers;[69] by that point, he was also leading in nominations from Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs). Phillips withdrew from the election on 21 January, saying that she was unable to unite the party.[70] Nandy became the second candidate to qualify for the ballot on 22 January, having received backing from the GMB and National Union of Mineworkers unions and the Chinese for Labour socialist society.[71] Long-Bailey was the third candidate to qualify, following further trade union support.
However, Thornberry failed to achieve enough nominations, falling just short of the required number of constituency party nominations and being eliminated on 15 February 2020.[72]
Reported data breach
The Labour Party reported an alleged breach of data protection rules by Starmer's campaign to the Information Commissioner's Office in early February, which it said was in accord with the statutory obligation to report suspected data breaches. The campaign described the complaint as "nonsense". The Starmer campaign chair suggested that the allegations were a result of the Starmer team alerting party officials the week before to a possible data breach by Long-Bailey's campaign, though there was no evidence that this occurred.[73]
Membership ballot
The first public hustings to feature the final three candidates was held in Glasgow, Scotland on 15 February.[74]
Candidates
To qualify for the ballot, candidates needed nominations from 10 per cent (22) of the party's Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of European Parliament (MEPs), followed by support from either 5 per cent (33) of Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs), or from at least three affiliated groups, including two trade unions and representing at least 5 per cent of affiliated members. Five candidates (Rebecca Long-Bailey, Lisa Nandy, Jess Phillips, Keir Starmer and Emily Thornberry) received sufficient nominations to proceed to the second round of nominations. Starmer had the most nominations from MPs and MEPs at 88, followed by Long-Bailey and Nandy with 33 and 31 nominations respectively. Phillips and Thornberry each received 23 nominations, one above the minimum threshold to proceed.
Three candidates, Long-Bailey, Nandy and Starmer, received sufficient combined support from affiliates and constituency parties to proceed to the final ballot. Starmer received the most nominations from both CLPs and affiliates having received nominations from 374 CLPs and 15 affiliates, followed by Long-Bailey with 164 CLPs and seven affiliates, and finally Nandy with 72 CLPs and four affiliates. The results were announced on 4 April 2020, with Starmer winning the election in the first round with 56.2 per cent of the vote, beating Long-Bailey and Nandy and taking over from Corbyn.[75]
Nominated
The following individuals were nominated by the necessary number of Labour MPs and MEPs as well as receiving backing from the required number of constituency parties or affiliated organisations to proceed to the final ballot before members.
The following candidates withdrew either during the process to receive nominations from MPs and MEPs or during the process to receive nominations from constituency parties or affiliated organisations.
Candidates first needed to be nominated by at least 10 per cent (22) of current Labour MPs and MEPs, who comprise the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) and the European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP). Candidates who passed this threshold then need nominations from at least 5 per cent (33) Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs), or at least three affiliates including at least two trades unions that together represent at least 5 per cent of affiliated members.[13]
The table below shows the number of nominations achieved by each candidate. A green background indicates that the candidate met the nomination requirements. A pink background indicates that the candidate withdrew from the contest.
^Starmer did not formally nominate himself, therefore the Labour Party lists him as having received 88 nominations, whereas some reports of the contest list him as having received 89 nominations
^Bradford West CLP's nomination was declared void due to procedural errors, so has not been counted
^Not including Lewis's nominations and not taking Starmer as having nominated himself
Nandy receives the required number of nominations to progress to the membership ballot[71]
Phillips endorses Nandy
29 January: Long-Bailey receives the required number of nominations to progress to the membership ballot[94]
February
12 February: The first televised debate is held during a special edition of Newsnight[95]
15 February: Constituency and affiliate nominations close at midnight; Thornberry fails to receive the required number of nominations and is eliminated
24 February: Labour Party members start receiving postal ballots and online voting forms
The result of the election as well as the corresponding contest for deputy leader was announced at 10:45am (BST) on 4 April 2020. The announcement was originally due to take place at a special conference in London, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was cancelled in favour of a "scaled-back event".[18]
Keir Starmer won the Labour leadership election in the first round of voting.
Turnout was 62.6 per cent. There were 490,731 returned ballots, from a total of 784,181 eligible voters. 136 ballot papers were spoiled.[1]
Campaign platforms
Long-Bailey
Long-Bailey created a four-point plan titled "Aspirational socialism"; empower the movement and raise trade union membership; a "Democratic Revolution" and; a "Green Industrial Revolution".[97][98] Long-Bailey promised that she would continue to develop the "Green New Deal" policies that she had introduced to the party's 2019 election manifesto.[99] On democratic reform, Long-Bailey called for constitutional reform to spread power more evenly across the country, including abolishing the House of Lords.[100]
Long-Bailey stated that if she were to win the leadership election the Labour Party would maintain its commitment to bring energy, water, rail and mail back into public ownership.[101] She has also supported open selection as a process of selection for Labour MPs.[102]
Long-Bailey and her platform were described by the media as "continuity Corbyn" because of her closeness to Corbyn, Momentum and the left of the Labour party, although she rejected the label.[103][104]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Long-Bailey made several recommendations to the government. She advocated the government look at a universal basic income for all people in the United Kingdom regardless of wealth,[106] and to eliminate the five-week waiting time before claimants can receive Universal Credit.[103] Later in March, she advocated a National Food Service, where workers from Royal Mail deliver basic goods like food, medicine and toiletries to households to reduce pressure on supermarkets.[107] In an article, Long-Bailey advocated that the government should buy shares in key industries and put these shares into a "social wealth fund". She stated that: "This crisis should make us realise that we're all connected – that the chief executive relies on the refuse worker, the corporate lawyer on the supermarket worker, and the politician on the nurse. And this realisation should power how we rebuild our economy when the crisis is over."[108]
Long-Bailey was the first candidate to publish a list of donors to her campaign, with primary funding coming from trade unions Unite (£215,000) and the Communication Workers Union (£52,000), plus small individual donations solicited from members of left-wing organisation Momentum (£120,000).[109]
Nandy
In January, Nandy accused the Blair and Brown governments of continuing the "consensus that Thatcher built".[110] She criticised New Labour for being "as tight as the Tories". She called for "a modern, empowering welfare state for the 21st century".[111] She praised Corbyn for shifting party policy towards a position that opposes austerity[111] and stated her intention to abolish Universal Credit.[112][113]
During the party hustings held in Bristol, Nandy argued that the honours system should have references to the British Empire removed and replaced with 'Excellence'.[114]
Nandy defended free movement within the European Union, while also arguing that concerns about its flaws should not be simply dismissed as "racist anti-immigrant rhetoric".[115]
Nandy is opposed to Scottish independence and argued that Labour should "look to Catalonia and Quebec" as examples for dealing with "divisive nationalism",[116] later clarifying that the party can learn from the Socialist Party in Spain that has shown how "the cause of social justice has beaten divisive nationalism".[117] She has said she wants Scottish Labour to be represented in the shadow cabinet[118] and has also pledged not to interfere in devolved policymaking, allowing Scottish Labour to decide their own approach to independence.[119] She also stated that British federalism would not resolve the political division between England and Scotland.[120]
In February, deputy leadership candidate Richard Burgon proposed a "Peace Pledge" to ensure that the party would not support future military action unless its members vote in favour of such a policy.[121] Nandy voiced her strong disapproval of the pledge. She argued that civilians in war zones could not afford to wait for such a ballot to pass and it was irresponsible to share such classified information.[122]
In an interview with The Jewish Chronicle, Nandy acknowledged that the party had lost the trust of the British Jewish community as a result of its "failure of leadership" and poor handling of antisemitism in the Party. She also said that she believed that the word 'Zionism' had become "horribly distorted and weaponised" by some in the party; Nandy denounced those who questioned Israel's right to exist and reiterated her view that advocating the rights of Palestinians does not contradict support for Israel.[123] She has chaired Labour Friends of Palestine since 2018.[124]
When she spoke to the Evening Standard in January, Nandy called on party general secretaryJennie Formby to publish the evidence that had been submitted to the Equality and Human Rights Commission, as part of the commission's investigation into institutional antisemitism in the party. She added that openness and transparency would necessary to rebuild trust with the British Jewish community.[125]
Nandy said that she would conduct a "fair recruitment process" for parliamentary candidates and end the practice of "parachuting" those favoured by the leadership. She criticised the centralised approach taken during the 2019 general election, in which a number of candidates were "imposed" by Corbyn and his allies.[126] Nandy has also stated that she would end the practice of nominating peers to the House of Lords. This announcement came after the Labour Party controversially nominated John Bercow, former Commons Speaker, and Karie Murphy, Corbyn's former chief of staff.[126][127]
During a speech in Bassetlaw, one of the "red wall" constituencies gained by the Conservatives in 2019, Nandy announced that a future shadow cabinet led by her would involve the representation of local Labour councillors, giving a seat to the elected Leader of the Local Government Association Labour Group.[126][128] She also pledged that she would give councillors the right to nominate candidates in future leadership elections, just as MPs and MEPs had during the previous month.[128]
Nandy expressed opposition to open selection and in favour of the current method for selection of Labour MPs.[129]
Nandy released a list of donors to her leadership campaign, which was principally supported by the GMB trade union and featured four private donations of over £10,000 from individuals including her husband Andrew Collis, businessmen Jason Stockwood and Tom Shutes, and Hope Not Hate chair Simon Tuttle.[130]
Starmer
Starmer positioned himself in opposition to austerity, stating that Corbyn was "right" to position Labour as the "party of anti-austerity".[131][132] Starmer indicated he will continue with the Labour policy of scrapping tuition fees. He also pledged "common ownership" of rail, mail, energy and water companies and called for ending outsourcing in the NHS, local governments and the justice system.[133] In 2022 Starmer was alleged to have broken his pledge on "common ownership" of rail, mail, energy and water companies.[134][135]
In February 2020, Starmer announced that he would continue the policy introduced under Shadow ChancellorJohn McDonnell to raise taxes on the top five per cent of earners with incomes of more than £80,000.[136][137]
In response to the release of Trump's peace plan to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Starmer described the proposals as "inconsistent with international law and human rights protections".[105]
Starmer said he is "not against the principle" of open selection but did not indicate clear support or opposition to it.[139]
Starmer's leadership campaign gained funding from trade union Unison,[140] and donations from several individuals, including £100,000 and £5,000 respectively from barristers Robert Latham and Richard Hermer, as well as hotel bills totalling £2,500 from a company linked to Labour donor Farah Sassoon.[141]
Hustings and debates
Public hustings
Several hustings events took place throughout the campaign, for both leadership and deputy leadership candidates.[142] Labour-organised hustings took place on weekends throughout January and February 2020, at 11 locations in Great Britain. No hustings were held in Northern Ireland.[143]
The locations sparked criticism from some candidates because of lack of geographic spread.[161] After the backlash, two new events in Leeds and Brighton were later added by Labour's ruling National Executive Committee (NEC), although the one in Leeds was subsequently cancelled after Starmer dropped out due to his mother-in-law being critically ill.[146]The Guardian also announced that it would host a hustings in Manchester on 22 February, chaired by journalist Anushka Asthana.[162] Starmer's mother-in-law passed away on 9 February, resulting in the postponement of the Dudley hustings scheduled for that day,[163] which later took place on 8 March 2020 as the final hustings.[160]
Televised debates
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020)
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
^Yvette Cooper and Clive Lewis with 8 per cent each
Voting intention for Labour under each candidate
A poll was also conducted to garner the prospective voting intentions of the public for the Labour Party under each leadership candidate in a general election.
Date(s) conducted
Pollster/client
Sample size
Labour Party voting intention under each candidate
^Zodgekar, Ketaki; Durrant, Tim (6 January 2020). "Labour Party leadership contests". Institute for Government. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
^ abc"Carwyn Jones am i Keir Starmer arwain Llafur" [Carwyn Jones wants Keir Starmer to lead Labour]. Golwg360 (in Welsh). Books Council of Wales. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
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