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Afshar people

Afshar
Tamgha of Afshar according to Mahmud al-Kashgari, which represents Bonelli's eagle according to Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
Regions with significant populations
 Iran
200,000–342,000[1]
 Turkey,  Afghanistan
Languages
Azerbaijani, Afshar, Persian,[2] Turkish, Turkmen[3][page needed]
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Oghuz Turks

Afshar (Azerbaijani: Əfşar افشار; Turkish: Avşar, Afşar; Turkmen: Owşar اوْوشار; Persian: افشار, romanized: Afshār) is a tribe of Oghuz Turkic origin, that split into several groups in Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan.[4][5]

Afshar means "obedient". According to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Afshar, the eponymous founder of the tribe, was a son of Yildiz Khan, the third son of Oghuz Khan.[6] During the Seljuk conquests of the 11th century, they moved from Central Asia into the Middle East.[4] They are noted in history for being one of the Qizilbash tribes that helped establish the Safavid dynasty of Iran, and for being the source of descent of Iran's Afsharid dynasty.[4] Nader Shah, who became the monarch of Iran in 1736, was from the Qereklu clan (Persian: قرخلو) of Afshars.[7][8] The founders of the Germiyanids,[9][10] and the Khalkhal Khanate were also of Afshar descent. The founder of the Karamanids may have also been of Afshar descent.[4]

Today, Afshars mainly inhabit Iran,[11] where they remain a largely nomadic group.[12] They are variously grouped as a branch of the Azerbaijanis[13][14] and Turkmens[15][16] or Turkomans (a common general term used for people of Oghuz Turkic origin).[17]

History

The earliest mention of the Afshar tribe can be found in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Mahmud Kashgari, who flourished in c. 1075. Kashgari mentioned the Afshar tribe sixth in his list of 22 Oghuz Turkic sub-tribes, and pointed out that the sub-tribal names are those of their ancestors "who gave birth to them in older times".[4]

In the 11th century, the first Afshar tribesmen entered Iran and Anatolia from Transoxania along with other Oghuz invaders. More members of the Afshar tribe may have arrived during the Mongol conquests during the second half of the 13th century. For a period afterwards, the Afshar tribe is untraceable in historic records as a distinct group, for they are subsumed under label of Turkoman. Furthermore, it seems that the different Turkoman elements were subject to diverse re-grouping processes, insofar that when new "tribes" came into existence, only some were able to maintain traditional Oghuz tribal names, such as "Afshar".[4]

Georg Stöber explains that in the political environment of the time the ranking of the different groups supported by (constructed) genealogies became increasingly important. Rashid al-Din Hamadani (died 1318) believed that the ancestor of the tribe was a person named "Afshar", who in turn was genealogically linked to the hero Oghuz. The Afshar tribe were also said to be part of the right wing (bozuq) of the Oghuz army.[4]

In the 12th century, two governors (father and son) from the Afshar tribe held Khuzistan (southwestern Iran) for 40 years. The Karamanid dynasty, who held sway in the Middle Taurus (modern-day Turkey), may have been of Afshar descent. Afshar tribesmen are said to have belonged to nomadic groups in the region of Sivas, and the tribe was part of the Ak Koyunlu Turkoman tribal confederacy.[4]

In later years, many Afshars moved to the east, where, as part of the Qizilbash, they aided in establishing the Safavid dynasty of Iran. Other Afshars remained in Anatolia however, which at the time was Ottoman soil. There, on Ottoman soil, they formed separate groups. During the 19th century nomads in the Çukurova, who were known to migrate between Syria in the winter and Anatolia in the summer, were forcibly settled by the Ottoman Darwish Pasha in the area of Göksun and Kayseri; in the mid-twentieth century, villagers of Afshar descent could still be found in the vicinity of the latter two areas.[4]

The eastward movement of the Afshars from Anatolia is connected to the foundation of Iran's Safavid dynasty. The Afshars served Shah Ismail I (r. 1501–1524), as part of the Qizilbash tribes that were likely blends of each other and also transcended Turkomans. Stöber therefore explains that the 16th-century Afshars cannot wholly descend from the tribe attested in the 11th century.[4]

Nader Shah Afshar belonged to Afshar people.[18]

Afshar tribes

List of Afshar tribes are: Alplū, Arašlū, Bekešlū, Gündüzlü, Imirlü, Köse Aḥmedlū, Köselü, Pāpāglū, Qāsemlū, Qereḵlū, Karalu, Karamanlu, Salmanlu, Sindelli, Tur Ali Hacılu, Receplü, Balabanlu, Karabudaklı and Qirqlū.[19]

Afshars in Turkey

Afshars in Turkey mostly live in Sarız, Tomarza and Pınarbaşı districts of Kayseri province, as well as in several villages in Adana, Kahramanmaraş and Gaziantep provinces.[20]

While Afshars had remained nomadic and retained their Oghuz lifestyle, forced settlements caused them to adopt a settled lifestyle. A resistance against Ottomans under spiritual leadership of the bard Dadaloğlu and local Afshar lord Kozanoğlu was proven futile.[20][21]

Afshar among the Bozulus

In 1570-71, within the Bozulus, three branches of Diyarbakir Afshars under Mehmed Kethüdâ numbered around 804, 367 and 109. Apart from these, there were many more Afshar branches under the administration of other kethüdas.[22]

In the 17th century, some of Bozulus Afshars migrated to Central Anatolia and settled mostly in Karaman Eyalet. Other ones, especially members of Damascus Turkmens remained in their old settlements. This branch, which is called boz ulus mândesi ('Bozulus remnant') on Ottoman documents, were later settled in Rakka Eyalet, however many of the tribesmen belonging to this community migrated to Western Anatolia.[22]

In 1716, the Köpeklü branch of Bozulus Afshars were seen in Mihaliç kaza. On the other hand, some other Afshars of Bozulus migrated to Iran during the reign of Shah Abbas.[22]

Culture

Several folk dances in Afshar-inhabited areas are known after the name of the tribe. Afshar kaba (Turkish: Avşar kabası) is danced around the Barak Plain in Gaziantep.[23] Afshar halay or ağırlama[24] (Avşar halayı or Avşar ağırlaması) is known around Kırşehir, Yozgat, Keskin, as well as Kayseri, while Afshar zeybek (Avşar zeybeği) is found around Burdur, Antalya, Denizli, and Muğla.[25]

Genetics

In an Afshar village near Ankara where, according to oral tradition, the ancestors of the inhabitants came from Central Asia, the researchers found that 57% of the villagers had haplogroup L, 13% had haplogroup Q and 3% had haplogroup N. The high rate of haplogroup L observed in this study, which is most common in South Asia, was difficult for researchers to explain and could not be traced back to any specific geographic location, and authors said it would be difficult to associate this haplogroup with the Turkic migrations, given the paucity of evidence.[26]

Afshars in Turkmenistan

During the reign of Nader Shah, a group of Afshars assimilated with a couple of modern Turkmen tribes that currently live in the territory of present-day Turkmenistan, such as Gekleng, Murcheli, Esgi, and Ersary. It is known that they formed a backbone of the Murcheli tribe. The Afshars also played a major role in the formation of the Turkmen tribe of Alili.[27][better source needed]

List of dynasties with Afshar origin

Notable people from the Afshar tribe

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Potter, Lawrence G. (2014). Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf. Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-19-937726-8. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  2. ^ Stöber 2010, "As they were embedded in a Fārsī-speaking environment, however, in many cases Fārsī became the mother tongue of the Afshārs".
  3. ^ Adnan Menderes Kaya, "Avşar Türkmenleri", Dadaloğlu Eğitim, Kültür, Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Derneği, 2004; ISBN 9755691499
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stöber 2010.
  5. ^ Oberling 1984, pp. 582–586.
  6. ^ Oberling, P. (July 28, 2011) [December 15, 1984]. "Afšār". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  7. ^ Tribal resurgence and the Decline of the bureaucracy in the eighteenth century, A.K.S. Lambton, Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History, ed. Thomas Naff; Roger Owen, (Southern Illinois University Press, 1977), 108-109.
  8. ^ The Struggle for Persia, 1709-1785, Cambridge Illustrated Atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792, ed. Jeremy Black, (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 142.
  9. ^ Claude Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1071-1330, trans. J. Jones-Williams (New York: Taplinger, 1968), 281-2.
  10. ^ Leiser, Gary; Koprulu, Fuat (1992). Origins of the Ottoman Empire. p. 37. ISBN 9781438410432.
  11. ^ Bulookbashi & Negahban 2008.
  12. ^ Encyclopedia of The Modern Middle East and North Africa, (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2004) P. 1112
  13. ^ Richard V. Weekes. Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey. AZERI. — Greenwood Press, 1978 — p. 56 — ISBN 9780837198804
  14. ^ "Азербайджанцы / Большая советская энциклопедия". gatchina3000.ru. Archived from the original on 2012-09-06. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  15. ^ From multilingual empire to contested modern state, Touraj Atabaki, Iran in the 21st Century: Politics, Economics & Conflict, ed. Homa Katouzian, Hossein Shahidi, (Routledge, 2008), 41.
  16. ^ James J. Reid, Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839-1878, (Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000), 209.
  17. ^ The Afghan Interlude and the Zand and Afshar Dynasties (1722-95), Kamran Scot Aghaie, The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, ed. Touraj Daryaee, (Oxford University Press, 2012), 308.
  18. ^ Lockhart, L., "Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly upon Contemporary Sources", London: Luzac & Co., 1938, 21 :"Nadir Shah was from a Turkmen tribe and probably raised as a Shiʿa, though his views on religion were complex and often pragmatic"
  19. ^ Theodor Houtsma, "Ghuzenstämme", WZKM 2, 1888, p. 225.
  20. ^ a b Özdemir, Ahmet Z., Avşarlar ve Dadaloğlu, ISBN 9789756083406
  21. ^ Erol Eroğlu; Yavuz Köktan (June 2018). "Dadaloğlu'nun şiirlerinde toprak teması". Türük Uluslararası Dil, Edebiyat ve Halkbilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 1 (13): 99–109. doi:10.12992/TURUK489.
  22. ^ a b c Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). "AVŞAR Türkiye Türkleri'nin ataları olan Oğuz elinin en tanınmış boylarından biri.". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
  23. ^ "Halk oyunları". Gaziantep tarih kültür dergisi. 1 (1–6): 49. 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  24. ^ Kekeç, Sadi (2019). Avşar Türkleri. Kimlik Yayınevi. p. 50. ISBN 9786052345740. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  25. ^ Sümer, Faruk. "Avşar". İslam Ansiklopedisi. TDV. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  26. ^ Gokcumen O (2008). Ethnohistorical and genetic survey of four Central Anatolian settlements (Thesis). pp. 1–189. ISBN 9783845258546. OCLC 857236647. Archived from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  27. ^ Prokhorov, A.M, ed. (1978). "Azerbaijani language". Big Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian) (3 ed.). Soviet Encyclopedia.

Sources

Further reading
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