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Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton
Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton, PC (27 October 1774 – 12 May 1848), was a British politician, diplomat, nobleman, and financier, and a member of the Baring family. Baring was the second son of Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet, and his wife Harriet, daughter of William Herring. Early lifeAlexander was born on 27 October 1774. He was the second son born to Harriet Herring (1750–1804) and Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet (1740–1810). Among his siblings was Maria (the mother of Francis Stainforth), Thomas, Henry (a Member of Parliament for Bossiney[1] and Colchester[2]), and George Baring (who founded the Hong Kong trading house of Dent & Co.). His father, alongside his uncle, John Baring, established the London merchant house of John and Francis Baring Company, which eventually became Barings Bank.[3] His paternal grandparents were Elizabeth Vowler and Johann Baring, a wool merchant who emigrated to England in 1717 from Germany and established the family in England. His maternal grandfather was merchant William Herring of Croydon and among his mother's family was her cousin, Thomas Herring, Archbishop of Canterbury.[citation needed] CareerAlexander was brought up in his father's business, and became a partner at Hope and Company. He was later sent to the United States for various land deals, and formed wide connections with wealthy, socially prominent American families. In 1807, Alexander became a partner in the family financial firm, along with his brothers Sir Thomas Baring, 2nd Baronet (1772–1848), and Henry Baring (1777–1848), and the name was then changed to Baring Brothers & Company. When Henry Hope died in 1811, the London offices of Hope & Company then merged with the bank of Baring Brothers & Company,[4] Political careerBaring sat in Parliament in the lower chamber of the House of Commons for Taunton 1806–1826, later for Callington 1826–1831, and then subsequently for Thetford 1831–1832 and following for North Essex 1832–1835. In 1835, he was elevated as a Lord Temporal to the upper parliamentary chamber of the House of Lords, sitting in London for 13 years until his 1848 death. He regarded politics from the point of view of the businessman. He opposed the orders-in-council for "the restrictions on trade with the United States" in 1812, before the tragic renewed hostilities ensued between the two English-speaking nations of the War of 1812. Fifteen years later, in 1826, he also opposed the act for the suppression of small banknotes, as well as other reforms. He accepted the important post in the realm of Chancellor of the Exchequer in the government proposed of pivotal June 1815 Battle of Waterloo's victor, famed British Army general and now first Duke of Wellington's projected ministry of 1832 as prime minister; but afterwards, alarmed at the type of men then serving in Parliament declared: "he would face a thousand devils rather than such a House of Commons."[5] After the financial Panic of 1847 and subsequent economic recession, Baring headed an external bi-metallist monetary movement hoping to prevent the undue restriction of the British currency and coinage of the pound sterling.[6] Baring was Master of the Mint in prime minister Sir Robert Peel's government and, on Peel's retirement in 1835, was raised to the peerage as Baron Ashburton, of Ashburton, in the County of Devon,[7] a title previously held by his uncle-in-law, John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton (1731–1783). In 1842, he was again sent to America, on a significant diplomatic mission, and the same year concluded the Webster–Ashburton Treaty, negotiated in the American federal national capital city of Washington, D.C., with United States Secretary of State Daniel Webster. A compromise was settled concerning the north-east boundary of the state of Maine with bordering provinces to the north of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec in neighboring Canada of British North America, plus other matters at issue remaining between the two governments of the extradition of certain criminals, which was arranged, and each state agreed to maintain a naval squadron of at least eighty guns onboard warships on the coast of West Africa for the suppression of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, and the two governments then agreed to unite in a joint naval military effort to persuade other European powers to close all slave markets within their colonial territories. Despite his earlier attitude, Lord Ashburton disapproved of prime minister Sir Robert Peel's free trade policies and opposed the Bank Charter Act of 1844.[8] Ashburton was a trustee of the British Museum and of the National Gallery, a privy councillor and DCL. He published, besides several speeches, An Enquiry into the Causes and Consequences of ... Orders in Council (1808), and The Financial and Commercial Crisis Considered (1847).[8] Baring was the recipient of compensation when slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833.[9] He received £10,090 pounds sterling in compensation for the emancipation of nearly 500 owned black slaves across four estates in the colonial territory of British Guiana (modern Guyana) on the northeast coast of South America and the island colony of Saint Kitts in the West Indies islands chain in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico in the Americas / Western Hemisphere, due to holding interests in those plantations.[9] Personal lifeOn 23 August 1798, Ashburton married Ann Louisa Bingham (1782–1848), daughter of Ann Willing Bingham and William Bingham of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who served as a U.S. Senator and was one of the richest men in America, having made his fortune during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), through trading and ownership of privateers commerce raider warships.[10] Her maternal grandfather was Thomas Willing (1731–1821), the president of the First Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, one of the most important American financial institutions of that time. Together, they had nine children:[11]
In 1830, Ashburton bought the country estate of Rudhall Manor in Herefordshire, England.[14] Lord Ashburton died at age 73 years old on 12 May 1848 at Longleat, in Wiltshire, England. His widowed wife Ann Louisa died seven months later on 5 December 1848.[11] DescendantsThrough his eldest son, he was a grandfather of Mary Florence Baring (1860–1902), who married William Compton, 5th Marquess of Northampton.[15] Through his second son, he was a grandfather of Alexander Baring, 4th Baron Ashburton (1835–1889), and Maria Anne Louisa Baring (1833–1928), who married William FitzRoy, 6th Duke of Grafton.[16] QuotesOf this great mercantile family the French Duke of Richelieu wittily remarked; "There are six main powers in Europe: Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Prussia and the Baring-Brothers!" (Vicary Gibbs, from the "Complete Peerage" published 1910). References
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